structure and bonding Flashcards
describe the particles in a solid and also describe solids
6 points
-particles packed together in a regular pattern
-little to no space between particles
- solids have fixed shape
-solids cannot flow
-because particles vibrate in fixed positions
-but cant move from place to place
why are solids hard to compress (squeeze)
2 points
-particles packed together in a regular pattern
-with little to no spaces between particles
why are liquids hard to compress
because particles are close together with not many spaces between them
how are liquids different to solids
3 points
-take the shape of their container
-flow from place to place
-particles in liquid can move
why are gases easy to compress
the particles are widely spaces
why do gases spread out and fill the space in the container
the particles move quickly and randomly
the state of a substance can be changed by doing what
putting in/ taking out
energy
when a solid changes into a liquid, this is called ………
this takes place at the …….. ……..
the particles in a liquid ……..
This tells us that they have ….. ….. energy than …… in a solid.
This mean we must put ……… in to convert a ……. into a liquid
when a solid changes into a liquid, this is called melting
this takes place at the melting point
the particles in a liquid move
This tells us that they have more kinetic energy than particles in a solid.
This mean we must put energy in to convert a solid into a liquid
what is the energy put into a solid used to do if your trying to melt the solid
to break the forces of attraction between the particles
the amount of energy we need to put in to melt a solid depends on
2 things
the strength of the forces of attraction between the particles
/
how high the melting point is
why does candle wax have low melting point
weak forces of attraction between particles
they are easy to break
why does sodium chloride have high melting point
strong forces of attraction between particles
require a lot of energy to break
freezing is…
converting liquid to solid
what 2 processes take place at the melting point
melting
freezing
what 2 processes take place at the boiling point
boiling
condensing
what is condensing
converting gas to liquid
boiling point will be high if ………
This is because it takes alot of energy to
there are strong forces of attraction between particles
break those forces and boil the liquid
limitations of the simple particle model
3 points
assumes all particles are solid
spheres
assumes there are no forces between particles
why is it a limitation that the simple particle model assumes there are no forces between particles
forces between particles are important for melting and boiling points
do particles have sphere shapes in reality
no, they have different shapes
how many electrons can be held in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th energy levels
2
8
8
18
what types of elements react in ionic bonding
metal
non-metal
describe process of ionic bonding in lithium and fluorine
5 ish points
when lithium and fluorine react,
Li loses its outer electron
F gains it
now both have full outer shells
Li become a +1 ion
F becomes a -1 fluoride ion
what do metal atoms become when they lose electrons
+ ions
what do non metal atoms become when they gain electrons
- ions
in ionic bonding
group 1 metals become:
group 7 non metals become:
group 2 metals become:
group 6 non metals become
+1ions
-1ions
+2 ions
-2 ions
**
* Cl ** + Na ~ = describe what the
**
dot and cross diagram would look like and check if correct
**
[ *~ Cl **]- + [Na]+
**
**
* Cl ** + Na ~ =
**
**
[ *~ Cl **]- + [Na]+
**
describe what is happening in the ionic reaction
4 marks
one electron
passes from the sodium atom
to the chlorine atom
both atoms achieve a full outer energy level
in a dot and cross diagram, we use dots and crosses to show
the OUTER electrons
what does the dot and cross diagram for magnesium and oxygen look like
[Mg] 2+ [~~O**]2-
(2,8) (2,8)
what do dot and cross diagrams for ionic bonding contain
4 things to remember
-the charge
-the outer electrons
-square brackets
-brackets with the electron numbers of internal shells and outer shell
what happens when sodium reacts with chlorine
1 atom moves from sodium atom to chlorine atom
an ionic compound is formed
what is an ionic compound
a giant structure of ions
what are ionic compounds held together by
strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions
describe a giant ionic lattice
3 dimensional
strong electrostatic forces of attraction between + and - ions
how are ionic bonds formed
3 points
-a metal atom transfers 1 or more electrons to a non metal atom
-2 oppositely charged ions formed
-these two ions are attracted to eachother via electrostatic forces
what is an ionic compound
explain in your own words and then according to the spec
many of the 2 oppositely charged ions that are bonded
a giant structure of ions - spec
what is the name for a + charged ion
cation
what is the set up inside a giant structure of ions
every + ion is surrounded by - ions
and vice verse
what is the giant structure of ions called
giant ionic lattice
