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Chemistry > Using materials (10.3) > Flashcards

Using materials (10.3) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is corrosion?

A

The destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment

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2
Q

What s an example of corrosion?

A

Rusting

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3
Q

What is necessary for iron to rust?

A

Both air and water

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4
Q

How can corrosion be prevented?

A

By applying a coating that acts as a barrier, such as greasing, painting or electroplating

Electroplating is the process of coating a metal with a thin layer of another metal by depositing it in electrolysis to improve the metal’s corrosion resistance

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5
Q

How is aluminium prevented from further corrosion?

A

It has an oxide coating that protects the metal

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6
Q

Describe sacrificial protection

A

Some coatings are reactive and contain a more reactive metal that will react with air and water before the less reactive metal to give it protection

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7
Q

What is an example of sacrificial protection?

A

zinc is used to galvanise (protect) iron

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8
Q

Most metals in everyday use are (…)

A

alloys

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9
Q

What is bronze?

A

an alloy of copper and tin

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10
Q

What is brass?

A

an alloy of copper and zinc

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11
Q

What is gold used in jewellery usually?

A

an alloy with silver, copper and zinc

as gold is very soft and malleable

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12
Q

What is the proportion of gold in the alloy is measured in?

A

carats

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13
Q

Describe 24 and 18 carat gold

A

24 carat - 100% (pure gold)

18 carat - 75%

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14
Q

What are steels?

A

alloys of iron that contain specific amounts of carbon and other metals

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15
Q

Describe the properties of high carbon steel

A

High carbon steel is strong but brittle

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16
Q

Describe the properties of low carbon steel

A

Low carbon steel is softer and more easily shaped/malleable (than high carbon steel)

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17
Q

What are stainless steels?

A

Steels containing chromium and nickel

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18
Q

What are the properties of stainless steels?

A

They are hard and resistant to corrosion (rusting)

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19
Q

Aluminium alloys are (…) density

A

low

so is light

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20
Q

What is bronze used to do?

A

To make coins

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21
Q

What is brass used to do?

A

to make musical instruments

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22
Q

What is a use of gold?

A

used in jewellery

23
Q

What is a use of high carbon steels?

A

used in construction

24
Q

What is a use of low carbon steels?

A

used for making car body panels

25
Q

What is a use of stainless steel?

A

used for cutlery

26
Q

What is a use of aluminium alloys?

A

Aluminium foil for storing/wrapping foods

as is malleable and light/low density

27
Q

Which glass is the one we mostly use?

A

soda-lime glass

28
Q

How is soda-lime glass made?

A

by heating a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone

29
Q

What is borosilicate glass made from?

A

sand and boron trioxide

30
Q

Borosilicate glass melts at (…) temperatures than soda-lime glass

A

higher

31
Q

2 needed

What are examples of clay ceramics?

A

pottery and bricks

32
Q

How are clay ceramics made?

A

by shaping wet clay and then heating in a furnace

can be a property as well

33
Q

What do the properties of polymers depend on?

A
  • what monomers they are made from
  • the conditions under which they are made
34
Q

Low density (LD) and high density (HD) poly(ethene) are produced from what?

A

Ethene

35
Q

Describe thermosoftening polymers

A

polymers that melt when they are heated

(so can be recycled)

36
Q

Describe thermosetting polymers

A

polymers that do not melt when they are heated

37
Q

What is the difference in how LDPE and HDPE are made and their structure?

A

LDPE - formed at very high pressures with trace of oxygen, ethene forms LDPE - polymer chains randomly arranged

HDPE - using catalyst of 50oC and a sightly higher pressure - polymer chains branch less and so molecules line up more closely

38
Q

Describe the structure of thermosoftening polymers

A

No covalent bonds between large molecules (chains), which are tangled together

so no cross links

So no/very weak intermolecular forces

so molecules can move over each other when heated and the plastic melts and are easily overcome

39
Q

Describe the structure of thermosetting polymers

A

Strong covalent bonds forming ‘cross links’ between polymer chains

so strong intermolecular forces and held in position

so molecules only vibrate when heated, so are unable to move

40
Q

What are most composites made from?

A

Two materials with different properties,

41
Q

What are the components found in a composite?

A

a matrix or binder surrounding and binding together the reinforcement (fibres or fragments of the other material)

42
Q

What is the reinforcement in a composite?

A

fibres or fragments of the other material

43
Q

non-specification list

What are some examples of composites?

A
44
Q

Which type of glass would be best to make a boiling tube in a school lab? Why?

A

Borosilicate glass would be best because it has a higher melting point than soda-lime glass.

This means that it will not melt when it is heated using a Bunsen burner.

45
Q

3 needed

What are the physical properties of glass ceramics?

A
  • transparent
  • hard
  • but is brittle (breaks easily)
46
Q

2 needed

What are the physical properties of clay ceramics?

A
  • resist compressive forces (can withstand weight and pressure)
  • when wet can be shaped and then hardened at high temperatures
47
Q

3 needed

What are the physical properties of polymers?

A
  • poor conductors of heat and electricity, hence they are good thermal and electrical insulators
  • LDPE for structures that require flexibility
  • HDPE for structures that require rigid, strong structures to withstand pressure

useful for electrical wiring as they prevent overheating and an electric shock

48
Q

1 for general property

What are the physical properties of composites?

A
  • The properties of composites depend on the reinforcement and matrix used so composites can be tailor engineered to meet specific needs
  • E.g. steel reinforced concrete has immense* tensile and compressive strength
49
Q

What are shape memory alloys (materials)?

A

Alloys/materials that can be deformed when cold, but return to their original shape when heated

50
Q

Give two reasons why wood is more sustainable than natural gas as a fuel

A
  • Wood is renewable, natural gas is not
  • Wood is carbon-neutral, natural gas is not
51
Q

What is one property of a smart polymer that is different to that of an ordinary polymer?

A

has a shape memory

or

a smart polymer can return to original shape when conditions change

52
Q

Give three properties of gold

A

is very soft

malleable

unreactive (so resists corrosion and stays shiny)

53
Q

Cast iron is (…)

A

brittle

54
Q

2 needed - 4 you could give

Catalysts have been developed to allow the reactions to occur at lower temperatures - why might this be of benefit to the manufacturer and environment?

A
  • more product obtained (in shorter time)
  • Less fuel costs
  • Less pollution caused by burning fuels
  • Using less fuel conserves energy resources

Chemistry (34 decks)

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