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Chemistry > Reactions of alkenes and alcohols (7.2) > Flashcards

Reactions of alkenes and alcohols (7.2) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are alkenes?

A

hydrocarbons with a double carbon-carbon bond

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2
Q

What is the general formula for the homologous series of alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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3
Q

Are alkene molecules saturated or unsaturated?

A

unsaturated

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4
Q

Why are alkene molecules unsaturated?

A

they have a double bond between the carbon atoms

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5
Q

What are the first four members of the homologous series of alkenes?

A

ethene, propene, butene and pentene

no ‘methene’ as it would not have a double bond due to only having one carbon atom

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6
Q

What forms can alkenes be represented in? (formula and diagram) e.g. for propene

A
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7
Q

What is the functional group of alkenes?

A

C=C

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8
Q

What determines the reactions of organic compounds?

A

the generality of reactions of functional groups

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9
Q

How do alkenes react with oxygen in combustion?

A

Alkenes react with oxygen in combustion reactions in the same way as other hydrocarbons, but they tend to burn in air with smoky flames because of incomplete combustion

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10
Q

What is incomplete combustion caused by?

A

A lack of oxygen

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11
Q

How do alkenes react with hydrogen, oxygen and the halogens?

A

By the addition of atoms across the carbon-carbon double bond so that the double bond becomes a single carbon-carbon bond (double bond breaks) forming a saturated molecule

these are called addition reactions

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12
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

-OH

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13
Q

What are the first four members of a homologous series of alcohols?

A

methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol

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14
Q

What forms can alcohols be represented in?

A

You can combine the formula if you want. e.g. for ethanol C2H5OH

or add another CH2 every time starting with alcohol (methanol doesn’t;t have this)

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15
Q

What is the formula of the homologous series of alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH

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16
Q

3 needed

What are the uses of alcohols?

A
  • solvents
  • fuels
  • ethanol is main alcohol in alcoholic drinks
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17
Q

What is formed when alcohols burn in air?

A

carbon dioxide and water

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18
Q

What is formed when alcohols react with sodium?

A

form solution of sodium alkoxide (C2H5ONa)

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19
Q

What happens when alcohol is added to water?

A

mix easily to produce a solution (dissolve easily)

as the alcohol molecule gets longer, its solubility decreases

20
Q

How can alcohols be oxidised without combustion?

A

Through use of an oxidising agent, to produce a carboxylic acid

21
Q

What is the equation for the fermentation of sugar using yeast?

A

glucose ⇢ ethanol + carbon dioxide

yeast as a catalyst

22
Q

2 needed + 2 minor

What are the conditions are needed for the fermentation of sugar using yeast?

A
  • anaerobic conditions
  • warm (temperature, 25-35°C)
  • sugars dissolved in water, and mixed with yeast
  • an air lock to allow carbon dioxide out, while stopping air getting in
23
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

-COOH

24
Q

What are the first four members of a homologous series of carboxylic acids?

A

methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid and butanoic acid

25
Q

What forms can carboxylic acids be represented in? (formula and diagram)

A
26
Q

What is the general formula for the homologous series of carboxylic acids?

A

Cn-1H2n-1COOH

27
Q

What happens when carboxylic acids react with carbonates?

A

carbonates gently fizz in solutions carboxylic acids, releasing carbon dioxide gas

28
Q

What happens when carboxylic acids dissolve in water?

A

they form acidic solutions with pH values less than 7

29
Q

What happens when carboxylic acids react with alcohols?

A

they form esters

30
Q

What is the word equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid and ethanol?

A

ethanol + ethanoic acid ⇢ ethyl ethanoate + water

31
Q

Why are carboxylic acids weak acids?

A

Carboxylic acids are weak acids because they only partially ionise in solution.

Their solutions do not contain many hydrogen ions compared to a solution of a strong acid at the same concentration

32
Q

What are 2 properties of esters?

A
  • volatile
  • pleasant smell

so used in perfumes

33
Q

What is the functional group of esters?

A
34
Q

How are carboxylic acids produced?

A

The (oxidation) reaction between an alcohol and oxygen without combsution, using an oxidising agent

35
Q

The oxidation of alcohols forms which products with and without combustion?

A

with combustion - carbon dioxide + water

without combustion - carboxylic acids

36
Q

Incomplete combustion produces carbon monoxide or carbon particulates, due to a lack of oxygen, what is the problem with these two waste products?

A

Carbon monoxide - is a toxic gas

Carbon particulates - cause global dimming

37
Q

Alkanes can be used as (…)

A

fuels

38
Q

What is seen when fermentation takes place?

A

fizzing

39
Q

What gas is produced when sodium reacts with ethanol?

A

hydrogen gas

40
Q

What is the catalyst in a reaction between ethanol and ethanoic acid?

A

a strong acid

41
Q

What is the compound added to ethene to produce ethanol?

A

Water

42
Q

What is a test for carboxylic acids?

A

Add hydrogen carbonate

If carboxylic acid present, the solution will effervesce

  • as dilute acid - for alcohol + other non-acids, this will not occur*
  • could also use any metal or other carbonate, but it must be named*
43
Q

What process is used to separate ethanol from water and what physical property allows this to occur?

A

fractional distillation

Both compounds have different boiling points (ethanol has lower boiling point than water)

44
Q

3 needed

Which substances can be added to alkenes in an addition reaction?

A
  • Halogens
  • Water
  • Hydrogen
45
Q

How can different forms of poly(ethene) be produced from ethene?

A

Use different reaction conditions

Chemistry (34 decks)

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