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AP Biology - Pig > USH Unit 2 > Flashcards

USH Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Gross National Product

A

The total value of goods and services produced by a country during a year

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2
Q

Natural Resources

A

Including timber, coal, iron, and copper

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3
Q

Entrepreneurs

A

People who organize, manage, and assume the risk of a business or enterprise

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4
Q

Laissez-Faire

A

A policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation’s economy

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5
Q

Union Pacific Railroad

A

Pushed westward from Nebraska in 1865, employed ~10,000 workers

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6
Q

Central Pacific Railroad

A

Hired 10,000 Chinese to meet the Union Pacific Railroad company in Utah

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7
Q

Investors

A

People who put money into a company in order to gain a future financial reward

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8
Q

Land Grants

A

Grants of land by the federal government, especially for roads, railroads, or agricultural colleges

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9
Q

Captains of Industry

A

People who become rich through ethical methods and were positive for the country

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10
Q

Robber Barons

A

A person who has become rich through ruthless and unscrupulous business practices

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11
Q

The Credit Mobilier Scandal

A

Railroads discovered they could make more money by selling land grants than by operating the railroad

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12
Q

Corporation

A

An organization that is authorized by law to carry on an activity but treated as though it were a single person

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13
Q

Economies of Sale

A

The reduction in the cost of a good brought about especially by increased production at a given facility

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14
Q

Distribution

A

The act or process of being given out or disbursed to clients, consumers, or members of a group

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15
Q

Consumer

A

A person who buys what is produced by an economy

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16
Q

Vertical Integration

A

The combination in one company of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate companies

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17
Q

Horizontal Integration

A

One company growing its operations at the same level in an industry

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18
Q

Monopoly

A

Total control of a type of industry by one person or one company

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19
Q

Trust

A

A combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement, especially to reduce competition

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20
Q

Holding Company

A

A company whose primary business is owning a controlling share of stock in other companies

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21
Q

Chain Stores

A

A series of stores owned by one company that sell the same merchandise

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22
Q

Deflation

A

A decline in the volume of available money or credit that results in lower prices, and therefore increases the buying power of money

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23
Q

Industrial Union

A

An organization of common laborers and craft workers in a particular industry

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24
Q

Social Darwinism

A

Natural laws applied to society, used as a justification typically for mistreatment or superiority

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25
Lockout
A company tool to fight union demands by refusing to allow employees to enter the facilities to work
26
Knights of Labor
Skilled and unskilled workers rallied for shorter work days, equal pay for men and women, and to end child labor
27
Arbitration
Settling a dispute by agreeing to accept the decision of an impartial outsider
28
Homestead Strike
Industrial lockout and strike, culminating in a battle in which strikers defeated private security agents
29
Injunction
A court order whereby one is required to do or to refrain from doing a specified act
30
Closed Shop
An agreement in which a company agrees to hire only union members
31
American Federation of Labor
National federation of labor unions aimed at providing mutual support
32
James J. Hill
Created the Great Northern railroad without land grants, most successful transcontinental railroad
33
Thomas Edison
Perfectionist of lightbulb in 1880
34
Alexander Graham Bell
Inventor of phone in 1876
35
Gustavus Swift
Invented refrigerated railroad car that revolutionized meat and produce industry
36
Christopher Scholes
Inventor of typewriter in 1868
37
Andrew Carnegie
Led expansion of steel industry and became one of the richest Americans in history
38
John Rockefeller
Founded a kerosene business in 1860s, bought up competitors until he owned 90% of the nation's pipeline and could refine 84% of the nation's oil, his company was broken up by the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
39
J.P. Morgan
American financier and investment banker who dominated corporate finances on Wall Street throughout the Gilded Age
40
Eugene Debs
One of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World, five-time Socialist Party candidate for POTUS
41
Immigrant
One who enters and becomes established in a country other than that of his or her original nationality
42
Ethnic Group
Large groups of people classed according to common racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic, or cultural origin or background
43
Ellis Island
Main point of entry and processing center for Europeans
44
Angel Island
Main point of entry and processing center for Asia, off coast of San Francisco, California
45
Chinese Exclusion Act
Provided a 10-year ban on Chinese laborers immigrating to the United States
46
Nativism
Hostility toward immigrants by native-born people
47
Urbanization
The process of making an area more urban
48
Skyscraper
A very tall building
49
Tenements
Multifamily apartments, usually dark, crowded, and barely meeting minimum living standards
50
Political Machine
An organization linked to a political party that often controlled local government
51
Graft
The acquisition of money in dishonest ways, as in bribing a politician
52
Individualism
The belief that no matter what a person's background is, he or she can still become successful through effort
53
Philanthropy
Providing money to support humanitarian or social goals
54
Settlement Houses
An institution located in a poor neighborhood that provided numerous community services such as medical cure, child care, libraries, and classes in English
55
Tin Pan Alley
A collection of music publishers and songwriters in New York City that dominated the popular music of the United States in the late 19th and earl 20th centuries
56
Pendleton Service Act
Passed in 1883 by Congress, required some jobs to be filled by competitive written exams rather than by patronage
57
Civil Service
A system where most government workers are given jobs based on qualification rather on political affiliation
58
Populism
A political movement founded in the 1890s representing mainly farmers that favored free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other large industries
59
Greenbacks
A unit of paper currency first issued by the federal government during the Civil War
60
Inflation
An ongoing increase in prices and decrease in the value of money
61
Graduated Income Tax
A tax based on the net income of an individual or business
62
Poll Taxes
Taxes of a fixed amount per person that had to be paid before the person could vote
63
Grandfather Clause
Allowed any man to vote is he had an ancestor who could vote in 1867
64
Jim Crow
Statutes enacted to enforce segregation
65
Melting Pot
A term used to describe Americanization in which immigrants adopt American culture and abandon culture from their home country
66
Jane Addams
Activist for women's suffrage
67
Boss Tweed
Defrauded city, led the Tweed Ring, behind construction of New York County Courthouse
68
William Jennings Bryan
Democratic candidate in 1896
69
William McKinley
Republican POTUS serving from 1897 to 1901, led a realignment that made Republicans largely dominant in the industrial states and nationwide for decades
70
Oliver Hudson Valley
One of the key founders of the National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry
71
Farmers Alliance
American agrarian movement during the 1870s and 80s that sought to improve the economic conditions for farmers through the creation of cooperatives and political advocacy
72
Booker T. Washington
Founder Tuskegee Institute, believed change would be gradual but African Americans would achieve equality
73
Web Du Bois
Equality to whites for African Americans, both socially and economically, founded Niagara Movement, pushed immediate inclusion into white society
74
Ida B. Wells
Teacher and journalist that led the anti-lynching movement
75
Mary Church Terrell
Activist against lynching, racism, and sexism, helped found the NAACP and the Woman Wage Earners
76
Jacob Riis
Immigrant from Denmark, documents urban poor conditions, exposes hardships of NYC's poor
77
Americanization Movement
Activities that pushed assimilation to American culture
78
Social Gospel Movement
Tried to better conditions in cities
79
Plessy vs. Fergusen
Sued after being arrest for riding in "whites-only" car, case made it to Supreme Court

AP Biology - Pig (14 decks)

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