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ESM + SWQ - Semester 1 > Use of health services > Flashcards

Use of health services Flashcards

1
Q

Why is health care utilisation important?

A

Healthcare utilisation. is important as seeking early diagnosis of some illnesses can make a significant difference

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2
Q

What are the 2 actions patients must take when perceiving symptoms and seeking medical attention?

A
  1. Finding a doctor to contact when unwell

2. Deciding when unwell enough to require medical care;

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3
Q

How are symptoms used in making diagnosis?

A
  • symptoms accompany illness
  • when symptoms disappear, you are well again (usually!)
  • specific symptoms reliably signal specific illnesses
  • specific symptoms are > serious than others
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4
Q

How does a patient finally make the decision to seek medical advice?

A

Decisions made after perceiving & interpreting symptoms

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5
Q

Does every disease have symptoms?

A

No - Hypertension has no symptoms

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6
Q

What percentage of the population will experience 1 or more symptoms of ill health?

A

75%

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7
Q

What percentage of the 75% of the population who experience symptoms of ill health seek help from a GP?

A

33%

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8
Q

What 4 divisions is the symptom iceberg split into?

A

25% - No symptoms
25% - Symptoms but do nothing
25% - Self medicate, alternative
25% - Visit GP

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9
Q

What are the 3 features of symptoms?

A
  • Intensity/Severity
  • Familiarity
  • Duration and frequency
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10
Q

How can patients find symptom perception difficult?

A

It is very difficult and complex when perceiving symptoms.

I.e - When does a normal headache become one to be concerned about?

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11
Q

What time frame of seeking help aids good health outcomes?

A

Seeking help within first 12 weeks of symptoms are very important for getting good health outcomes

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12
Q

What percentage of patients delay getting treatment for Rheumatoid arthritis?

A

50%

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13
Q

What is the difference in signs between early and advanced Rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Early RA shows soft tissue swelling

Advanced RA shows swelling in joints

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14
Q

What are the 5 factors affecting symptom perception?

A
  • Features of symptom
  • Individual differences - Variation
  • Competing environmental stimuli
  • Psychosocial influences
  • Socio-cultural differences
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15
Q

What questions are asked when assessing individual differences in symptom perception?

A

Individual differences — variation;

  • how quickly a physical experience is noticed
  • number/ intensity of sensations experienced
  • amount of attention paid to internal states
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16
Q

What are Monitors and Blunters according to Miller et al?

A

Monitors - in tune with their symptoms and seek help

Blunters - Not in tune with symptoms, get treatment but don’t care why they care getting treatment they just take it

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17
Q

What are the reasons that patients vary amongst receiving medical care?

A

Due to internal states (Pennebaker)
‘Monitors’ & ‘Blunters’
Hypochondriacs — may overuse medical care
Some symptoms go un-noticed, regardless of how strong

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18
Q

Explain the competing environmental stimuli that affects symptom perception?

A

Competing environmental stimuli -extent of attention paid to internal stimuli at any given time
influenced by nature of environmental stimuli present (sensory info)

E.g -
Sunderland star reveals he broke through
the pain barrier and played on with a cracked rib during
vital win

19
Q

How to Psychosocial factors influence symptom perception?

A

Psychosocial influences - Play important role in understanding and managing symptoms

1) . Cognitive influence - i.e - when call a doctor and feel better already
- placebos (Latin - “to. please”

2). Combined roles of cognitive, social, emotional factors
‘medical student’s disease’ - Medical students believe they have diseases they study abound self-diagnose

3). ‘mass psychogenic illness’
widespread symptom perception with no medical basis.
• Increase stress causes sensations to be exaggerated,
modelling as if they have that disease

20
Q

How to Psychosocial differences influence symptom perception?

A

Socio-cultural differences - awareness of, attention to symptoms

Examples;
- Females have a lower tolerance to painful stimulus
- Asian people report more physical symptoms with psychological basis
than people of other cultures

21
Q

What are the 4 main factors that an individuals symptom perception depends upon? (important*)

A

An individuals symptom perception depends on:

1) . Strength of underlying physical sensation
2) . Tendency to pay attention to internal states
3) . Degree to which external stimuli competes for attention
4) . Variety of cognitive, social, emotional processes

22
Q

What are the 4 main factors that an individuals symptom perception depends upon? (important*)

A

An individuals symptom perception depends on:

1) . Strength of underlying physical sensation
2) . Tendency to pay attention to internal states
3) . Degree to which external stimuli competes for attention
4) . Variety of cognitive, social, emotional processes

23
Q

What are the reasons why a patient may interpret and respond to their diagnosis?

A
  • Due to their prior experiences
  • Due to their experienced based knowledge
  • Due to a lay referral
24
Q

What is a lay referral?

A

When someone who isn’t a healthcare professional tells you to go to the doctor (body of friends or family who provide advice of how to interpret a symptom)

Help to interpret a symptom

25
Q

What do Common Sense Models affect and what 3 things are they used for?

A

Common Sense Models affect our health-related behaviour and can be used to;

  • Aquire meaning - We use them to understand why patients aren’t seeking healthcare, what their intentions are
  • Predict - e.g - Investigate the effect of. smoking
  • Control - Changing things, ie - Reduce stress to stop a patient from having to smoke
26
Q

What do Common Sense Models affect and what 3 things are they used for?

A

Common Sense Models affect our health-related behaviour and can be used to;

  • Aquire meaning - We use them to understand why patients aren’t seeking healthcare, what their intentions are
  • Predict - e.g - Investigate the effect of. smoking
  • Control - Changing things, ie - Reduce stress to stop a patient from having to smoke
27
Q

Draw the Health Belief model?

A

Look at diagram….

28
Q

What do modifying factors do?

A

Modifying factors influence the perceived thread of disease, which then influences the likelihood of behavioural change

29
Q

What is behavioural change influenced by?

A

Likelihood of behavioural change is influenced by the perceived threat of disease and also this cost benefit of evaluation to behaviour change

30
Q

What is the perceived that of disease influenced by?

A

In turn the perceived threat of disease is influenced by individual perceptions, perceived susceptibility/severity of disease

31
Q

What is the perceived that of disease influenced by?

A

In turn the perceived threat of disease is influenced by individual perceptions, perceived susceptibility/severity of disease

32
Q

What is the Health Belief Model and what are its processes used for?

A

Useful as a model applied to people’s seeking health
care as it describes processes people use for:
— primary prevention behaviour (going for check-up)

— symptom-based behaviour in secondary prevention
(going to doctor when sick)

— sick-role behaviour in tertiary prevention
(rehabilitation program following stroke)

33
Q

How may cancer patient vary in the time it takes to seek medical care if they both are symptom aware but have different beliefs?

A

Patient who believes cancer cannot be treated effectively or cured delays seeking medical care

Patient who believes that cancer treatment can be successful has a less delay in seeking medical care

34
Q

What are cues to action and give an example?

A

Cues to action influence people’s practice of preventative measures

e.g. ‘REMINDERS’ to perform self-examination

Breast and testicular cancer posters

35
Q

What are the 6 examples of factors that affect the utilisation of
health services?

A

Factors affecting utilisation of
health services;
• Differences in symptom perception
• Influence of prior experience, lay referral
• Individual health beliefs and ideas held
• Cost-benefit evaluation of seeking medical attention
• Social and emotional factors
• Quality of r’ship with doctor

36
Q

What 4 social factors influence the use of health services ?

A

Social factors influencing use of health
services;

Sex-role stereotypes
- sign of weakness? (Usually men)
- ‘stiff upper lip’ - ignore signs of cancer
reluctant to cause a fuss

Environmental factors and access
- distance from surgery

Family income

  • High income = increased health care
  • Low income seek = a decrease in. preventative care (typical in America )
  • This causes an increase in episodes of major illness and increase use of hospital ER

Sanctioning — social trigger, significant others
- I.e wife to husband “you really need to go see the doctor”, go because it will please their other half

37
Q

Name some emotional factors that prevents the use of health services?

A

Emotional factors;
• Emotional reactions to symptoms
• Anxiety and fear driven by symptom perception
• Fear of serious diagnosis
• Expectation/ fear of pain in investigation/ treatment (i.e - Dentist)
• Embarrassment (e.g. bladder control)
• Belief in treatment efficacy
• Sense of control over events in one’s life

38
Q

What percentage of malpractice cases are linked to poor doctor - patient communication?

A

70%

39
Q

How might the quality off the relationship with the doctor affect a patients use of healthcare?

A
  • Negative experiences may cause patient to not come back
  • Patients may have different beliefs and attitudes of health professional
  • Patients may not trust you as a health professional
  • May worry there is no confidentiality (i.e if confidentiality was broke by another doctor and gossip)
  • Discrimination (e.g. minority groups may feel discriminated against)
  • May think that. their doctor has poor communication skills and there is no point
40
Q

Who are the 4 types of health car users based on age, gender, chronic and acute cases?

A

Type of health service users;
Age;
— infants and very young children
— elderly

Gender;
— women vs men (generally more women)
- pregnancy and childbirth
- Women have more of a focus on physical state

CHRONIC REGULAR USER; - long term conditions (i.e diabetes)

ACUTE IRREGULAR USER - (i.e Broken Leg)

41
Q

What is treatment delay?

A

Treatment delay is the time that elapses between 1st perception of symptom and when the person enters medical care

42
Q

What are the 3 stages to treatment delay?

A

3 stages to treatment delay;

  1. APPRAISAL DELAY
    the time a person takes to interpret a symptom as an indication of illness (delay: sensory experience of symptom)
  2. ILLNESS DELAY
    the time between recognising one is ill and deciding to
    seek medical attention (delay: thoughts about symptom, new?)
  3. UTILISATION DELAY
    the time after deciding to seek medical care until actually
    going in to use that health service (delay: benefits and barriers)
43
Q

What are the 3 stages to treatment delay? *

A

3 stages to treatment delay;

  1. APPRAISAL DELAY
    the time a person takes to interpret a symptom as an indication of illness (delay: sensory experience of symptom)
  2. ILLNESS DELAY
    the time between recognising one is ill and deciding to
    seek medical attention (delay: thoughts about symptom, new?)
  3. UTILISATION DELAY
    the time after deciding to seek medical care until actually
    going in to use that health service (delay: benefits and barriers)

ESM + SWQ - Semester 1 (33 decks)

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