Intro to anatomy Flashcards
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Where does the most variation happen between our different anatomy?
Veins
Where does the least variation happen between our different anatomy?
Nerves
What technique can demonstrate living anatomy?
Endoscopy
What checks must you do on the bodys anatomy?
You will check to see if any anatomy has been or is; · Pushed · Pulled · Added · Missing · Larger than normal · Smaller than normal · Abnormal structure · Abnormal shape
Vertex
topmost point of the cranium
Unilateral
only appears on one side, e.g- Spleen
Ulnar deviation
adduction at the wrist
Ulnar
medial side of forearm
Transverse/horizontal
a plane that is a transverse or cross section
Transverse sections
cut at right angles to the longitude axis
Tibial
medial side of leg
The urinary system
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. They filter blood and produce, transport and excrete urine (water waste).
The skeletal system
bones and cartilage to give the body shape, protection and support, and is what the muscular system acts on to move.
The respiratory system
air passages and lungs that supply oxygen to the blood for cellular respiration and eliminate carbon dioxide. Includes diaphragm and larynx as they control airflow through the system
The reproductive system
ovaries that produce oocytes (eggs) and testes that produce sperm.
The nervous system
central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (nerves and ganglia, with sensory and motor endings). Controls and co-ordinates the body’s functions of the organ systems, allowing the body the ability to respond to things like the environment.
The muscular system
skeletal muscles that contract to move parts of the body.
The integumentary system
The skin and its appendages and subcutaneous tissue just beneath it, (hairs, nails and sweat glands). Sensory organ that forms the body’s protective coating
The endocrine system
consists of specialised structures that secrete hormones
The digestive system
digestive tract from mouth to anus, including ingestion, mastication (chewing), deglutition (swallowing), digestion and absorption of food and the elimination of waste after nutrients have been absorbed.
The circulatory system
cardiovascular and lymphatic systems, which function parallel to transport the body’s fluids
The articular system
joints and their associated ligaments, connecting bones in the skeletal system and providing sites at which movements occur
Systematic Anatomy
teaches systems by systems, allows integration of other systems as well as Physiology, Pathology, Microbiology and Pharmacology.
Surface Anatomy
Implements previous anatomical knowledge to show where anatomy is by drawing on top of skin. Fundamental for clinical examinations. We can determine where anatomy is by feeling superficial structures. The aim is to. Allow us to visualise the anatomy beneath the surface by following contours of the surface.
Supine
lying on back facing upwards
Supination
rotating radius laterally so palm of hand faces anteriorly, helps you carry soup
superolateral
High up, far away from median plane (either NW or NE)
Superior (cephalic)
nearer head
Superficial
nearer to the surface
sagittal
lane that is parallel to the median plane
Rotation
Turning or revolving a part of the body across its longitude axis (e.g turning head)
Retrusion
posteriorly moving the mandible (chin), lips or tongue
Reposition
moving of finger tip of thumb to another fingertip back to anatomical position
Regional Anatomy
studying the body’s structure by focusing attention on a specific part/region (e.g. - the head), area (the face), or region (the orbital or eye region). Recognises the body’s organisation by layers; skin, subcutaneous tissue, and deep fascia
Radiological Anatomy
Using radiological images to determine anatomy and positions. Used on living individuals to demonstrate the effect of muscle tone, body fluids, pressures and gravity (which cadavers don’t have). It is able to show the effects of trauma, pathology and ageing on normal structures.
Radial deviation
abduction at wrist
Radial
lateral side of forearm
Proximal
nearer to the root of the structure
e.g. the shoulder is the proximal part of the upper limb
Protrusion
anteriorly moving the mandible (chin), lips or tongue
Prone
lying on abdomen face down
Pronation
rotates radius medially so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly
Posterior (dorsal)
nearer back
Plantar flexion
pushes the foot down at the ankle
Plantar
inferior surface of foot
Physiology
How it works, find out what physiological functions are affected
Pharmacology
How can we treat it?
Pathology/ Microbiology
How does it present itself, decide what the disease is
Palpation
a clinical technique used to determine anatomy (touching)
Palmar
anterior surface of hand
Opposition
where fingertip of thumb is brought to another fingertip, used to pinch
Oblique sections
body parts that are not cut along any of the other planes. Often radiography images are slightly oblique
median
in the middle: a plane that divides the body into 2 equal halves right and left.
Medial and lateral
medial is nearer to the median plane and lateral is further from the median plane
Lymphatic system
a network of lymphatic vessels that withdraws excess tissue fluid from the body’s interstitial fluid compartment before filtering it through the lymph nodes and returning. It to the blood stream.
Locomotor system
passive skeletal system, articular system and the active muscular system make up a supersystem as they cannot work alone.
Ipsilateral
on the same side of the body, e.g – right thumb and right toe
Inversion
turns the foot inwards
Internal
inside or closer to the centre
Intermediate
Between superficial and deep structure
Inferomedial
Low down -nearer feet, close to centre of body (S)
Inferior (caudal)
nearer feet
Inferior
structure nearer sole of foot
Hyperextension
overly extending
How does variation usually affect function?
It usually has no affect on function
Histology
microscopic anatomy, decide if tissues are normal or abnormal under microscope
frontal/coronal
plane that is at right angles to the median plane cutting the body into anterior and posterior parts
Flexion
folds a joint
Fibular
lateral side of leg
External
outside or further from the centre of an organ or cavity
Extension
straightens a joint
Eversion
turns foot outwards
Elevation
raises or moves a part superiorly
Dorsum
superior surface of foot
Dorsum
posterior surface of hand
Dorsiflexion
pulls the foot up at the ankle
Distal
further from the root of the structure
e.g. the hand is the distal part of the upper limb
Depression
lowers or moves a part inferiorly, e.g- closing eyelid
Deep
further from the surface
Cross Sectional Anatomy
Cross sectional images of anatomy from MRI and CT scans
Contralateral
Occurring on opposite sides, e.g – right and left hand
Congenital anomaly or Birth defect
a variation found at birth or soon after due to unusual form or function
Circumduction
circular movement (e.g thumb or shoulder rotate).
Cardiovascular system
heart and blood vessels which conduct blood through the body delivering oxygen, nutrients and hormones to cells, and removes waste products.
Bilateral
paired structures with a right and left, e.g- Kidneys
Anterior (ventral)
nearer front
Anatomy
Identify the structure, find out whether the structure is affected or diseased
Anatomical position
- this is a consistent position with the body this is a consistent position with the body standing upright, arms hanging down with the palms forward. (these terms will apply when a patient is lying down)
Adduction
towards the median plane (adding your arm to your side)
Abduction
away from the median plane
Name the numbers 1-10 in regions of the lower limb
- Gluteal region
- Anterior thigh region
- Posterior thigh region
- Anterior knee region
- Posterior knee region
- Anterior leg region
- Posterior leg region
- Anterior talocrural (ankle) region
- Posterior talocrural region
- Foot region
Name the coloured major parts of the body
Head Neck Thorax Back Abdomen Pelvis/perineum Lower limb Upper limb
