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ESM + SWQ - Semester 1 > Blood Vessels and Lymphatics > Flashcards

Blood Vessels and Lymphatics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of blood in the circulatory system?

A

Pump (heart) - Arterial system - Capillary bed - Lymphatic - Venous system (back to pump)

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2
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

The lymphatic system is a drainage system that hoovers up anything that is left lying around outside the cells

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3
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels ?

A

1) . Tunica interna or intima
2) . Tunica media
3) . Tunica externa or adventitia

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4
Q

What is the Tunica interna/intima and what is it composed of?

A

Closest part of the blood vessel to the lumen.

It is lined by. a specialised simple squamous epithelium called endothelium

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5
Q

How far does the endothelium go around the whole vascular system?

A

The endothelium is continuous throughout the entire vascular system, including the chambers of the heart

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6
Q

What does endothelium release?

A

Endothelium releases endothelins which are locally acting hormones that can constrict the smooth muscle within the walls of a vessel to increase blood pressure.

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7
Q

What is deep endothelium?

A

The basement membrane, or basal lamina which effectively binds the endothelium to. the connective tissue

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8
Q

What is found in larger arteries that provides structure while allowing the vessel to stretch?

A

In larger arteries there is a thick distinct layer of elastic fibres known as the internal elastic membrane which is at the boundary with the tunica media

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9
Q

What does the internal elastic membrane look like under a microscope in histology?

A

A dense black wiggly line

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10
Q

What is the Tunica media and what is it composed of?

A

The middle layer of a blood vessel and the thickest layer in arteries

Made up of concentric (circular) layers of helically arranged smooth muscle cells

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11
Q

What is the difference between the Tunica media in arteries and veins?

A

In arteries the Tunica media is much thicker than in veins

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12
Q

What happens when the Tunica media contracts its circular muscles?
What does this do and cause?

A

Contraction of the circular muscles in the Tunica media causes Vasoconstriction

This causes a decrease in diameter of the vessel lumen which consequently increases blood pressure.

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13
Q

How can the Tunica media decrease blood pressure?

A

By relaxing the circular muscles as this increases vessel diameter

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14
Q

What surrounds the Tunica media in large arteries?

A

An external elastic membrane

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15
Q

What is the Tunica externa/adventitia and what is it composed of?

A

It is the outermost layer of the arteries.

It is a sheath of longitudinally oriented connective tissue composed primarily of. collagen (type 1) fibres.

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16
Q

What is the thickest Tunic in veins?

A

Tunica externa/adventitia

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17
Q

What substance to arteries have a lot of?

A

Muscles

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18
Q

What substance do Veins have a lot of and why do they need so much??

A

Connective tissues as it holds the vessel together and can blend with other facias

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19
Q

What is the order of vessels leaving and coming back to the heart?

A

1) . Elastic Arteries
2) . Muscular Arteries
3) . Arterioles
4) . Capillaries
5) . Venules
6) . Medium Veins
7) . Large Veins

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20
Q

What are elastic arteries, what are they made off and what is their function?

A

The large arteries that are mainly elastic

The elastic recoil in arteries helps move blood around the body and maintain blood pressure

They expand during systole, while elastic recoil during diastole to help drive blood onwards.

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21
Q

What do you find in Muscular arteries, what are their functions ?

A

They have a relatively thick layer of circular smooth muscle in their tunica media

They control distribution of blood to regions and organs

They regulate blood flow by constriction or relaxation

They can accommodate an increase in diameter

They can contract to prevent haemorrhage (reduce blood flow to a site that has been cut to prevent blood loss)

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22
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Smaller arteries

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23
Q

What are capillaries and what is their diameter?

A

Tiny network of vessels

Each are about the diameter of the size of 1 RBC

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24
Q

What is the names of the vessels that leave the heart and the names of the vessels that it splits into to supply the upper limbs and head and neck with blood?

A

The vessel that leaves the heart to go superiorly is the Brachiocephalic artery which divides into the subclavian artery (which supplies the upper limbs with blood) before dividing into the the common carotid (which supply’s the head and neck with blood) before being split into an internal and external carotid artery.

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25
Q

What can we tell from a common artery?

A

Common arteries the majority of the time will split off into 2 more arteries (usually an internal and external one)

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26
Q

What does the Brachiocephalic artery also split off into to supply the brain with blood?

A

Vertebral arteries (right. and left)

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27
Q

What kind of test can be done to view the arterial system?

A

An arteriogram by injecting a contrast/radiopaic dye into the arterial system which is picked up by x-rays to show the vessels

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28
Q

What kind of blood supply are veritable arteries since there is two of them that supplies the brain with blood?

A

A collateral supply

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29
Q

What are the names of the different arteries that supplies the upper limb with blood and where are they?

A

Subclavian - Under clavicle

Axillary - under armpit

Brachial - Arm

Radial and Ulnar - beside radius and ulnar bones

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30
Q

What are the vessels around the elbow, shoulder and wrist called?

A

Anastomosis

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31
Q

How can Anastomosis be described?

A

This is where one vessel plugs into another to create a collateral supply of blood to a joint

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32
Q

Why do we need a collateral supply of blood to a joint?

A

As when a joint like the elbow is flexed the bone that is flexed prevents the blood in the artery beside it from passing through so vessels are required around the other side of the joint in order to make sure blood is constantly getting past the joint.

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33
Q

In the hand where do the deep and superficial arches derive from?

A

The radial and ulnar arteries

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34
Q

What ensures there is a blood supply to the hand and fingers in any position of the upper limb?

A

Anastomosis

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35
Q

Give the process of what the aorta branches off into once leaving the heart?

A

The aorta leaves the heart heading upwards before being turned around to come down to form the descending thoracic aorta.

The branches coming off the descending thoracic aorta are segmental supplies of blood that supplies blood to the thoracic and abdominal walls.

The descending thoracic aorta then passes underneath the diaphragm before entering the abdomen.

It has 3 midline branches that supplies the gut with blood and 2 branches that form renal arteries which supplies the kidneys with blood.

The descending thoracic aorta then breaks off into 2 common iliac arteries that supplies the lower limbs with blood.

These common iliac arteries then break off into internal and external iliac arteries to supply the pelvis and lower limbs with blood.

36
Q

What parts of the body does the internal iliac supply blood to?

A

The pelvis and pelvic viscera

37
Q

What parts of the body does the external iliac supply blood to and what does it break off into?

A

The external iliac artery supplies the lower limb with blood before breaking off into the femoral artery.

38
Q

What does the femoral artery in the groin break off into?

A

(common) femoral breaks off into the profundafemoris/deep femoral which breaks off into the superficial femoral which breaks off into the popliteal (knee)

39
Q

In the groin what else does the femoral artery lie in correspondence with and at what angle?

A

The femoral artery lies with its vein medially and the femoral nerve laterally.

40
Q

What is that name of the blood supply that is formed around the knee and what is the function of this?

A

Anastomotic cage which acts as a bypass if the knee joint cuts off the blood supply to the popliteal

41
Q

What does the popliteal in the knee break off into ?

A

Popliteal branches off into the anterior tibial and the tibia-peroneal trunk which branches off into the perineal and then the posterior tibial

42
Q

What controls distribution and flow of blood?

A

Smooth Muscle

43
Q

What do arteries split into?

A

Arterioles

44
Q

What do arterioles split into and what are these?

A

Metarterioles - they are the same as capillaries (they have the exact same diameter) but they have a layer of smooth muscle cells in their walls so they are good at constricting and regulating blood flow to an area.

45
Q

What are capillaries?

A

A tube of endothelium (1 cell of simple squamous epithelia) sitting on a basement membrane/basal lamina

46
Q

How many capillaries do. you find in an area?

A

You will never find 1 capillary alone you will always find a network of them.

47
Q

What is a network of capillaries called?

A

A capillary bed

48
Q

What types of transport can capillaries carry out?

A

Active transport

Passive transport;

  • Osmosis
  • Diffusion
  • Filtration
  • Facilitated transportation
49
Q

What is missing from capillaries making them unable to constrict?

A

They have no smooth muscle in their walls

50
Q

What can be found in the basal lamina/basement membrane splits?

A

Pericytes/myoepithelial cells

51
Q

What is the role of pericytes in the basement membrane?

A

They support epithelial cells and give them nutrients

52
Q

What regulates the blood flow in capillaries?

A

Pre-capillary sphincter

53
Q

What is a sphincter

A

A circular muscle that controls passage through an opening or orifice

54
Q

What are the two types of capillary?

A

Continuous Capillary

Fenestrated Capillary - French for window

55
Q

What is found in continuous capillaries and what is their function?

A

Continuous capillaries have tight junctions between cells and vesicles that are used to transport things in and out of the capillary

This makes them somewhat permeable

56
Q

What is found in fenestrated capillaries and what is their function?

A

The capillary has ‘windows’ which allows for larger molecules to pass through that are needed (i.e - in the intestine hormones are needed to come in)

57
Q

What is the one uncommon type of capillary, where can it be found and what passes through it?

A

Sinusoid capillary - found in specialised areas of bone marrow and lymph vessels.

Whole cells have to pass through these capillaries to get transported in and out of the blood stream

58
Q

What structures can be found in Sinusoid capillaries?

A

Circular fenestrae or pores that penetrate the endothelium

59
Q

What percentage of blood at rest is in the venous system?

A

60-70%

60
Q

Why is the majority of blood at rest kept in the venous system?

A

As when the body needs to have a sympathetic response it can quickly get blood oxygenated and to cells

61
Q

What are the three classifications of veins?

A

Smallest - Venules
Medium - Medium veins
Large - Large veins

62
Q

What are venules structure and composition?

A

Venules have a very thin wall with only a few muscle fibres

63
Q

Give the features of venues and what this allows?

A

1) . They have thin walls so Leukocytes (WBC’s) can pass through the walls of venules (diapedesis) and escape into the surrounding connective tissue and into interstitial fluid to mop up pathogens
2) . They have 2 valve leaflets that arise from the intima and are covered in endothelium. These allow for a one-way blood flow as when the blood pressure is proximal to the leaflets is greater than that distal to them they fill the leaflets, closing the valves preventing back flow.

64
Q

What is special about veins that you find next to arteries?

A

Veins found next to arteries are almost always bigger than the artery as it doesn’t have as thick a tunica media than arteries do

65
Q

What do smaller arteries have around them and how can this help blood flow to the heart?

A

Smaller arteries have Venae comitantes which is where the pulsation of the artery aids the venous return to the heart.

66
Q

What can form in arteries that can block them off and what does the lead to ?

A

Plaques of atheroma may form within arteries and these can lead to the formation of a thrombus (blood clot) and vascular occlusion.

67
Q

What is happening in Ischaemic heart disease?

A

Plaque is blocking the circulation of the coronary artery

68
Q

What are the 4 types of veins found in the lower limb and where are they found?

A

1) . Deep veins - situated deeply and accompany the limb arteries
2) . Superficial veins - run immediately under the skin (in superficial fascia
3) . The great (long) Saphenous Vein
4) . The small (short) Saphenous vein

69
Q

How to Superficial and Deep veins communicate?

A

Superficial and Deep veins communicate by perforating veins

70
Q

What happens if perforating veins fail?

A

Perforating veins have valves in them and if they fail there is too much blood in the superficial veins and then varicose veins are formed

71
Q

What does incompetency of the valves in veins equal ?

A

Varicose veins

72
Q

How do veins manage to push the blood back up the lower limbs back to the heart?

A

The lower limb veins have a venous muscular pump which is made as the veins run through muscles which will be regularly contracted (i.e - when standing). The contraction of these muscles helps squeeze the blood inside the vein up.

73
Q

What happens if the muscles in the leg aren’t regularly being contracted?

A

If the muscles in your leg aren’t being contracted then the blood isn’t moving and this can lead to deep vein thrombosis (common when sitting on planes for long times)

74
Q

What are the 4 factors that help pump blood in the veins in the lower limbs back to the heart?

A

1) . The valves inside veins
2) . The contraction of muscles
3) . The arterial pulsation
4) . The negative inthathoracic pressure

They all help the blood in the veins go against gravity

75
Q

What are the two types of veins in the upper limb?

A 
Deep veins (venal comitantes)
Superficial veins (back of hand)
76
Q

What are the function of the superficial veins in the upper limbs?

A

They are widely used for phlebotomy (drawing blood)

77
Q

What are the 3 veins in the arm used for phlebotomy and what is the main one that is used?

A

The cephalic
The basilic
The median cubital veins (main)

78
Q

What 2 things in the arm must you be careful of when trying to draw blood?

A

Care must be taken to avoid the brachial artery and median nerve posteriorly

79
Q

What is the anatomy and positions of the 2 veins and their are, used for phlebotomy in the arm?

A

In the elbow on the medial side there is the basilic veins and the cephalic vein on the lateral side. They are joined together in an area known as the anti cubital fossa that has the medial cubital vein cross across it.

80
Q

What is special about the relationship between veins and arteries in the abdominal region?

A

The veins in the abdominal region mirror the arteries (i.e - If you have the common iliac artery you will also have the common iliac vein).

81
Q

Where does the blood vessel that runs up in the abdomen receive a blood supply from ? What is this vessels name and where is it positioned in relation to the abdomen?

A

The Inferior Vena cava (IVC) receives a blood supply from the venous blood of the lower limbs, pelvic organs, kidneys and abdominal walls. It runs up the right side of the abdomen.

82
Q

Where does the IVC (inferior vena cava) enter after passing through the diaphragm upwards?

A

The IVC enters the right atrium immediately after passing through the diaphragm

83
Q

What are the names of the veins forming the Superior vena cava (SVC)?

A

Coming down from the neck (lateral to the internal and external carotid arteries) there are the internal and external jugular veins which unites with the subclavian vein before joining onto the brachiocephalic vein and forming the Superior vena cava (SVC)

84
Q

What is the role of the Superior vena cava (SVC)?

A

The superior vena cava (SVC) drains the venous blood of the head, neck and upper limbs into the right atrium

85
Q

What do the azygos veins do?

A

They drain the venous blood of the thoracic wall to the SVC.

86
Q

What from the gut ends up in the venous system?

A

All of the nutrients your gut absorbs (apart from fat)

87
Q

How are these nutrients transported to and through what vein?

A

The nutrients have to be processed but instead of carrying them all the way around the circulatory system we take a bypass and send them straight to the liver.

All of the gut tube, stomach, duodenum, large intestine and small intestine drains into the liver by the hepatic portal vein.

ESM + SWQ - Semester 1 (33 decks)

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