Use of Biological Resources SLOP Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe how glasshouses and polytunnels can be used to increase the yield of certain crops

A

Glass provides greenhouse effect (traps heat); paraffin heaters provide heat and CO2 for increased photosynthesis; artificial lights mean crops can grow into the night and out of season; pests can be controlled easily; can easily control nutrition of crops being grown; protection from disease; control how much water is supplied to plants

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2
Q

Describe the role of fertiliser in increasing crop yields

A

Can control exactly what mineral ions, e.g. magnesium and nitrates, the plants are getting; constant, effective growth

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3
Q

State a danger of fertiliser use on fields of crops

A

Can leach into water ways and cause eutrophication

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4
Q

Why might we want to use chemical pesticides?

A

Kill pests and increase crop yields

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5
Q

Give three advantages of biological control over pesticides

A

No bioaccumulation (building up of toxic chemicals in food chain); specific to certain pests (exploits natural predator-prey relationships); no need to reapply (lowers cost compared to pesticides); no resistance forms; longer lasting

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6
Q

State two commercial products that yeast can be used to make industrially

A

Bread, beer

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7
Q

What species of bacteria can be used to make yoghurt? How does this work?

A

Lactobacillus; respires anaerobically and ferment lactose in milk to produce lactic acid; lactate coagulates milk proteins and causes milk to thicken

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8
Q

Write a word equation for the anaerobic respiration of yeast

A

Glucose –> Ethanol + carbon dioxide

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9
Q

Suggest two products that could be produced on a large scale using a fermenter

A

Insulin, penicillin (antibiotic)

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10
Q

Why must conditions in a fermenter remain aseptic?

A

To prevent infection, disease or contamination of product

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11
Q

Why might sterile air be pumped into a fermenter

A

To allow the bacteria to respire aerobically, providing energy for growth; sterility of air means less chance of contamination

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12
Q

Why are there paddles in a fermenter?

A

To agitate the fluid, evenly distributing oxygen and nutrients

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13
Q

Why might a fermenter be surrounded with a water jacket?

A

To cool the tank and ensure optimum temperature is achieved for enzymes

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14
Q

What chemical could be used to test whether yeast are respiring anaerobically?

A

Bubble gas produced into limewater; turns cloudy

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15
Q

Fish are a good source of which major nutrient?

A

Protein (fish diet can be carefully controlled in a fish farm)

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16
Q

Why must water quality be monitored and maintained in fish farms?

A

Ensures pH, temperature and oxygen levels are appropriate; water can be removed and filtered to remove waste and faeces avoiding pollution

17
Q

How is intraspecific predation controlled in fish farms?

A

Younger fish are kept separate from bigger fish so that the big fish do not eat the little ones

18
Q

How is interspecific predation controlled in fish farms?

A

Fish are kept in cages in the sea to protect them from being eaten by other species (nets can be used too)

19
Q

How is disease prevented in fish farms?

A

Antibiotics can be used; biological control agents can be used to avoid parasites

20
Q

How might selective breeding be important in a fish farm?

A

Produces fish that are larger, higher quality and less aggressive

21
Q

Why might we use selective breeding be used to develop plants and animals with desired characteristics?

A

Can ensure maximum yield of meat, milk grain etc.; can breed plants resistant to frost, drought or disease; can breed animals with good temperaments, fertility etc.; can breed plants with nice smell, wheat with large seeds etc.

22
Q

Describe the basic process involved in selective breeding?

A

From existing stock, select organisms with best characteristics; breed them with each other; select best offspring and breed those together;
continue over many generations until the trait (allele frequency) gets

23
Q

How are restriction enzymes used in genetic engineering?

A

Used to cut DNA at specific sites and remove required gene; same restriction enzyme used to cut open plasmid so sticky ends are complementary

24
Q

How is DNA ligase used in genetic engineering?

A

Used to join pieces of DNA together, i.e. to stick the required gene into a plasmid

25
Q

What word is used to describe a bacterial plasmid?

A

Vector

26
Q

A plasmid with another gene inserted is known as a…

A

Recombinant plasmid

27
Q

Name one other type of vector, other than a bacterial plasmid

A

A virus (bacteriophage)