Cell Structure, Variety of Life, Levels of Organisation SLOP Flashcards
Define the term respiration
The release of energy (production of ATP) from food
Define the term growth
A permanent increase in size; an increase in total number of cells in an organism
Define the term homeostasis
The maintenance of a constant internal environment
Define the term reproduction
Producing off spring
Define the term sensitivity
An organisms response to changes in its surroundings
Define the term excretion
The removal of waste products of metabolism from an organism (e.g. carbon dioxide, water(sweat), urea)
Give three examples of organelles
Mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, vacuole, nucleus etc.
State the function of the cytoplasm
Where chemical reactions take place; jelly-like substance in which organelles are suspended
State the function of the cell membrane
Controls the movement of substances into/out of the cell
State the function of the mitochondria
Site of aerobic respiration (release of energy; production of ATP)
State the function of chloroplasts
Contain chlorophyll, a green pigment, which absorbs light for photosynthesis (making glucose)
State the function of the cell wall
Maintains the structure of a cell
State the function of ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
State the function of the nucleus
Controls the cell; contains the instructions (DNA) needed to make new proteins
State the function of the vacuole
Contains cell sap and maintains/supports the shape of the cell
Give three examples of specialised cells
Red blood cells, white blood cells, root hair cells, liver cells etc.
Define the terms prokaryotic and eukaryotic, giving an example of each
Eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles (e.g. mitochondria, nucleus, chloroplasts) whereas prokaryotes do not. Eukaryotic kingdoms include animals, plants, fungi and protoctists; prokaryotes are bacteria
State three common characteristics between animals
Animals have nervous coordination (only kingdom that does), cannot carry out photosynthesis, do not have cell walls, can move from one place to another, store carbohydrates as glycogen
Give three differences between an animal cell and a bacterial cell
Animal cells have NO cell wall, they have a nucleus (bacteria have a single, twisted chromosome), mitochondria and larger ribosomes; bacteria have plasmids (extra loops of DNA)
Give three differences between an virus and a bacterial cell
Viruses have no cell membrane, no cell wall, no cytoplasm, no flagella, no plasmids and they cannot respire, feed, move etc.; viruses rely on a host cell to replicate themselves; viruses are smaller than bacteria
Define the term pathogen
An infective organism that causes disease
Give three structural differences between a plant cell and an animal cell
Plant cells have chloroplasts, a cellulose cell wall and a permanent vacuole. They also store carbohydrate as starch/sucrose as opposed to glycogen (animals)
Describe how fungi feed
By saprotrophic nutrition; they secrete extracellular enzymes from their thread-like hyphae and digest dead/decaying matter before reabsorbing the digested products
Give one example of a unicellular fungus and a multicellular fungus
Unicellular: yeast; multicellular: Mucor
