Enzymes And Digestion SLOP Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the term enzyme

A

A biological catalyst that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without getting used up in the process

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2
Q

Describe the effect of increasing temperature on enzyme activity

A

Increase in temperature means molecules have more kinetic energy, so move faster and more; more likely to be a collision between enzyme active site and substrate; increased rate of reaction. If temperature becomes too high, shape of active site changes and enzyme is denatured

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3
Q

How does pH affect enzyme activity

A

If pH moves too low or too high, the enzyme active site will change shape (i.e. it denatures), meaning the substrate will no longer be able to specifically bind into an active site

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4
Q

What is meant by the term ‘optimum’?

A

The conditions which mean the rate of enzyme activity is highest, e.g. most enzymes work at an optimum temperature of 37°C in the human body)

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5
Q

Describe what is meant by the term digestion

A

The break down of large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules

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6
Q

What is meant by the term absorption?

A

The movement of products of digestion into the bloodstream (usually across the villi in the small intestine)

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7
Q

What is meant by the term assimilation?

A

Incorporation of small soluble digested products into tissues, e.g. amino acids from protein digestion will be used to make new proteins

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8
Q

By what process does food move through the alimentary canal?

A

Peristalsis

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9
Q

Define the term peristalsis

A

Wave-like, rhythmic muscular contractions that squeeze food through the digestive tract

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10
Q

Describe the process of digestion in the mouth

A

Mechanical digestion by teeth to break food into smaller pieces; amylase released from salivary gland to digest starch into maltose

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11
Q

Describe digestion in the stomach

A

Mechanical digestion as stomach wall pummels and churns food; low pH (pH2 caused by hydrochloric acid) provides optimum conditions for pepsin which digests proteins into peptides

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12
Q

Where is bile produced and then stored?

A

Produced in liver, stored in gall bladder

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13
Q

Describe the roles of bile

A

Neutralises stomach acid so as not to denature digestive enzymes in the small intestine; emulsifies fats into smaller droplets so as to increase the surface area for digestion by lipase enzyme (into glycerol and fatty acids)

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14
Q

Describe how villi are adapted for absorption

A

-Large surface area for absorption;
-thin walls (one cell thick) to decrease diffusion/active transport distance;
-supply of blood capillaries to maximise concentration gradients for absorption; -lacteal for absorption of glycerol and fatty acids;
-covered in microvilli to further increase the surface area for absorption

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15
Q

Name three enzymes produced by the pancreas

A

Lipases, proteases, peptidases, maltases, amylases

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16
Q

Describe the role of maltase in the small intestine

A

Breaks down maltose into glucose

17
Q

Describe the role of peptidases in the small intestine

A

Breaks down peptides into amino acids

18
Q

Describe the role of lipases in the small intestine

A

Break down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

19
Q

Name the two parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum and the Ileum

20
Q

Name the two parts of the large intestine

A

Colon and the rectum

21
Q

Describe the role of the colon

A

Bulk water and salt reabsorption

22
Q

Describe the role of the rectum

A

Store faeces

23
Q

By what process is faeces removed from the anus?

A

Egestion