Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the term stimulus

A

A change in the external environment

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2
Q

Define the term receptor

A

Detects the stimulus

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3
Q

Define the term effector

A

A muscle or gland that carries out a response to the stimulus

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4
Q

Give the components (in order) of a coordinated response to a stimulus

A

Stimulus –> Receptor –> Coordinator (CNS) –> Effector –> Response

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5
Q

How do electrical impulses move from receptor to the CNS?

A

Sensory neurone

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6
Q

How do electrical impulses move through the CNS?

A

Relay neurones

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7
Q

How do electrical impulses move from CNS to effector?

A

Motor neurones

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8
Q

How do messages get transmitted from one neurone to another?

A

Across a synapse (chemically via a neurotransmitter)

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9
Q

State the two components of the CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

State three ways in which nervous responses are different to hormonal responses

A

Faster, shorter-lived, more specific target, electrical (not chemical), travel via neurones (not bloodstream)

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11
Q

Where are receptors found?

A

In sense organs, e.g. skin, eyes etc.

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12
Q

What is the purpose of reflexes? Give an example

A

Rapid, quick, unconscious responses to danger; prevent damage. Examples include knee-jerk, withdrawal from a hot object, blinking

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13
Q

What is the name of the hard white outer layer of the eye that holds its shape?

A

Sclera

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14
Q

What is the jelly like substance contained within the eye that holds the eye’s shape

A

Vitreous humour

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15
Q

What structure coats the cornea as a protective layer?

A

Conjunctiva

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16
Q

What structure refracts light in the eye?

A

Cornea

17
Q

What structure focuses light onto the retina?

A

Lens

18
Q

What structure contains rods and cones (photosensitive cells) that allow image formation?

A

Retina

19
Q

What structure sends impulses to the brain from the eye?

A

Optic nerve

20
Q

What structure allows light into the eye?

A

Pupil

21
Q

What pair of muscles in the iris control the diameter of the pupil?

A

Radial and circular muscles

22
Q

What pair of muscles control the shape of the lens allowing the eye to focus on near/distant objects?

A

Ciliary muscle and suspensory ligaments

23
Q

Describe the response of the pupil to dim light?

A

Pupil dilates; radial muscles contract, circular muscles relax

24
Q

Describe the response of the lens to looking at a distant object

A

Lens becomes thinner/less convex; suspensory ligaments tighten, ciliary muscle relaxes

25
Q

Describe the response of the lens to looking at a near object

A

Lens becomes fatter/more convex; suspensory ligaments slacken, ciliary muscles contract