URT pathology

Question 1

Types of rhinitis:
Catarrhal, fibrinous, granulomatous, serous, purulent (suppurative).
1- Clear fluid produced by submucosal serous glands. This is the initial response to most nasal insults, ie mild irritants, cold air, early viral infections, mild allergic reactions.
2- A lot more mucous produced compared to serous. Serous secretion plus mucous produced by goblet cells and mucous glands. Thick , translucent and slightly turbid. Contains a few leukocytes and epithelial cells.
3- Mucous + neutrophils = mucopurulent. It is usually accompanied by mucosal necrosis and secondary bacterial infection. Presents as thick opaque, white to green or brown discharge and can block the nasal cavity.
4- In this type of rhinitis, there is marked increases in vascular permeability, and exudation of plasma fibrinogen which forms fibrin. The fibrin forms a pseudomembrane which can either be a pseudo- diphtheritic rhinitis (removing the membrane leaves an intact mucosa) or a diphtheritic rhinitis (removal leaves an ulcerated mucosa).
5- Will see an infiltration of macrophages, and is generally caused by fungi, mycobacteria or foreign bodies.

Answer 1

serous
catarrhal
purulent (suppurative)
fibrinous
granulomatous