Coagulopathies

Question 1

Normal haemostasis involves ___ of the injured blood vessels, and activation of _____ to avoid hypoxia. ____ of the blood vessel occurs until a ___ ___ is formed and coagulation takes place.

Answer 1

contraction
fibrinolysis
platelet plug

Question 2

Clot formation:

1. Clot retraction; activation of fibrinolysis
2. Platelet secretion; platelet aggregation; formation of primary haemostatic plug
3. Vascular damage; platelet adhesion
4. Endothelial repair; degradation of fibrin clot
5. Fibrin formation; formation of secondary haemostatic plug

Answer 2

3
2
5
1
4

Question 3

Vitamin K dependent factors (4):

Answer 3

II, VII, IX, X

Question 4

Intrinsic pathway factors (4):

Answer 4

VIII, IX, XI, XII

Question 5

Extrinsic pathway factors (2):

Answer 5

III, VII

Question 6

Common pathway factors (1):

Answer 6

Xact

Question 7

Prothrombin requires ____ to become thrombin

Answer 7

factor Xact

Question 8

Fibrinogen requires ___ to become fibrin

Answer 8

thrombin

Question 9

Bleeding disorders (5):

Answer 9

vessel wall defect
thrombocytopaenia
platelet function defect
clotting factor deficiency
excessive fibrinolysis

Question 10

Platelet numbers for different species to avoid blood disorders:
Dog
Cat
Horse

Answer 10

> 200 x 10^9/L
300 x 10^9/L
100 x 10^9/L

Question 11

For the dog and cat, thrombocytopaenia is only serious when less than about ____ (with breed exceptions). Spontaneous haemorrhage occurs at about ___ (assuming normal function, the platelet mass, not number, is important). If there is spontaneous bleeding with platelet values >25-50 x 10^9/L, then likely _____ and _____ function defects.

Answer 11

100 x 10^9/L
25-50 x 10^9/L
thrombocytopaenia
platelet

Question 12

Thrombocytopaenia: When platelet numbers are less than ____, activated clotting time test is affected. ____ and ____ are unaffected by absolute thrombocytopaenia as there are exogenous platelet phospholipids added.

Answer 12

10 x 10^9/L
APTT
OSPT

Question 13

Clotting factors are primarily produced by the _____. There are enzymatic (some vitamin K dependent) and non-enzymatic ones. However % of the ____ function has to be lost for effects to be seen.

Answer 13

liver
80
liver

Question 14

1. activated clotting time (deficiencies or inhibition of clotting factors)- the time required for a fibrin clot to form. This test is not very sensitive, as there has to be less than __% of normal level for a prolonged act. For greater sensitivity, do citrated plasma clotting tests (see 2-4). This tests the effectiveness of the ___ and ___ pathways.
2. Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). This tests the ____ and ____ pathways.
3. Once step prothrombin time (OSPT). This tests the ___ and ___ pathways.
4. Thrombin clotting time (TCT). This tests the ___ pathway only.

For 2-4, less than __-___% of normal levels are required before prolonged times are indicated, therefore this test is more sensitive than 1.

Answer 14

5
intrinsic
common
intrinsic
common
extrinsic
common
common
30
40

Question 15

A gram ___ cocci that can stain negatively in exudates and old cultures. It forms ___ in liquid media (including pus). It is ___ ___, with many strains growing better in 5% CO2. It is also catalase ___ (staph are catalase positive). The colonies on a culture are often small/pin points.

Answer 15

Positive
chains
facultatively anaerobic
negative

Question 16

___-haemolytic strep causes most of the important diseases in domestic species
___-haemolytic are also important in humans
___-haemolytic (gamma) are usually non-pathogenic

Answer 16

Beta
Alpha
non

Question 17

Most commonly found commensals on animals and humans on the ___ ____ of ___, lower ___ tract, most of the GIT and also on the ___. Some are found on ___ ____ and it may also be found in the ____.
S. equi ss ___ is part of the normal flora of horses, whilst S. equi ss ___ is not part of the normal flora but survives in ___ horses.

Answer 17

mucous membranes
URT
genitourinary
skin
carrier animals
environment
zooepidemicus
equi
carrier

Question 18

Virulence factors of strep:
__ ____
____
____

Answer 18

M protein
capsule
exotoxin

Question 19

Strep causes ____, which begins as an URT disease, and _____, a LRT disease.

Answer 19

Strangles

pneumonia

Question 20

Strangles is a highly contagious disease caused by S. equi ss ___. It is a worldwide ___ disease in Vic and SA. It occurs primarily in young horses__ -MO to ___ YO. It has a ___ morbidity but a __ mortality.
Source of infection is ___ discharge, transmitted ___ or ____through ____.
Primarily causes inflammation of the ___ and ___ of the adjacent ___.
Most infected horses remain carriers for up to __ weeks or longer.

Answer 20

equi
notifiable
6
5
high
low
nasal
directly
indirectly
fomites
URT
abscessation
lymph nodes
6