Bacteraemia and septicaemia

Question 1

_____ is the presence of bacteria in the blood. It is often transient (<1 hour) and many not result in _____ _____.

Answer 1

Bacteraemia

clinical illness

Question 2

_____ is the systemic disease or syndrome associated with the persistent of microorganism and their toxins in the blood. This typically presents with ______ and _____.
This can present as meningitis, discospondylitis, micro abscesses in kidneys, endocarditis, abortion and septic arthritis.

Answer 2

Septicaemia
peteciation
fever

Question 3

Risk factors for bacteraemia/septicaemia (6):

Answer 3

age
patent umbilicus
splenectomised animal
neutropenic animal
compromised mucosal barrier
direct inoculation of the blood stream

Question 4

Host defences again bacteraemia (2):

Answer 4

phagocytic cells in the spleen and liver

humoral immune system

Question 5

Diagnosing bacteraemia/septicaemia involves taking __-__ x ___mL samples from ____ _____ sites at least _____ _____ apart over ___ hours.

Answer 5

3
4
10
separate veinipuncture
one hour
24

Question 6

Gram negative rod causes of septicaemia:
Family _____ (___, ___)
______
Family ____ (____, ____, ____, ____ spp ___ and ___)

Answer 6

Family Enterobacteriaceae (E. coli, Salmonella)
Leptospira
Family Pasturellaceae (Pasturella multocida, Haemophilus parasuis, Histophilus somni, Actinobacillus ssp. equuli and suis)

Question 7

Gram positive cocci causes of septicaemia:
_____
_____, spp ___, ___, ___
_____

Answer 7

Staphylococcus 
streptococcus
S. canis
S. suis
S. equi ss zooepidemicus
Enterococcus

Question 8

Gram positive rods causing septicaemia:
____
____
____

Answer 8

Erysipelothrix
Listeria
Bacillus anthracis

Question 9

E. coli is part of the ______ family, is oxidase ____, and facultatively ______. E. coli can cause enteric disease (___) and non-enteric disease (___). However the latter does not also cause disease as they are commensals, but can cause disease in ____ animals.

Answer 9

Enterobacteriaceae
negative
anaerobic
IPEC
ExPEC
compromised

Question 10

Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) is part of the ____ intestinal flora in a fraction of healthy populations. However, once outside the gut they have the necessary ____ ____ to cause ____, ______ and urinary tract infections.

Answer 10

normal
virulence factors
septicaemia
meningitis

Question 11

In the family ______, Salmonella cause cause ____ (acute, subacute or chronic), ______, localisation to other organs, or the animal can become a _____ and shed for ____ to ____.

Answer 11

Enterobacteriaceae
enteritis
septicaemia
carrier
weeks
months

Question 12

Salmonella can cause (3):

Answer 12

Enteritis
systemic infection
carrier status

Question 13

Family Pasteurellaceae. Members are gram ___ ____ ____, facultatively ___, oxidase ___, and most are part of the ___ ____ of ___ ___ of the ___ and ___ cavities.
Diseases of the Pasteurella family fit into 4 basic categories: ____, _____, ____, ____.

Answer 13

negative short rods
anaerobic
positive
normal flora
mucous membranes
oral
nasal
Rhinitis
bronchopneumonia
bite wound infections
septicaemia

Question 14

Strains of Pasturella. ____ that cause septicaemia are not ____ ____ and do not require much ____ _____, therefore are ____ pathogens.

Answer 14

multocida
normal flora
host compromise
better

Question 15

Actinobacillus causes ____ ____ disease and is caused by actinobacillus ____. It results in ___ in neonatal foals and becomes localised in ____ and other ____. The source of the infection is the ____ via____, umbilical or ______ route.

Answer 15

sleepy foal
equuli
septicaemia
joints
organs (kidney)
mare
oral
respiratory

Question 16

Actinobacillus ___ in pigs can cause ____ _____ in piglets aged ___-___ weeks old. This results in weak, febrile piglets, respiratory distress and neurological symptoms.
It can also cause ___ ____ in older pigs and cause meningitis, arthritis, abortion, metritis, pneumonia and skin abscesses.

Answer 16

suis
acute septicaemia
1
8
localised lesions

Question 17

Three causes of septicaemia from gram positive cocci:

Answer 17

staphylococcus
streptococcus
enterococcus

Question 18

Staphylococcus have ____ survival and is the most common cause of _____ resulting from IV catheterisation.

Answer 18

intracellular

bacteraemia

Question 19

Streptococcus is a common cause of ____ _____ in many animal species. The source of infection is most commonly the ____, as it is normal flora of the ____ and ____. The bacteria often enter through the _____.

Answer 19

neonatal septicaemia
mother
vagina
mouth
umbillicus

Question 20

Enterococcus spp are ____ pathogens, therefore ____ ____ is required for infection. Correction of the underlying condition is important as enterococcus is ___ to many ___. It is part of the ____ _____ and is also a soil ___.

Answer 20

poor
host compromise
resistant
antimicrobials
normal flora
saprophyte

Question 21

Gram positive rods as a cause of bacteraemia and septicaemia (2):

Answer 21

Erysipelothrix spp

listeria spp

Question 22

Erysipelothrix cause 4 main syndromes in pigs:

Answer 22

sudden death in young animals and abortion in sows
generalised skin infection (diamond skin disease)
arthritis
vegetative valvular endocarditis

Question 23

Erysipelothrix is found in the _____, and also the ___ and ___ ____ of many different mammals and birds, with carriers discharging the organism in faeces, saliva, nasal discharge and urine. ____ is the primary route of infection.

Answer 23

environment
GIT
mucous membranes
ingestion

Question 24

Listeria causes 4 clinical syndromes:

Answer 24

visceral form (septicaemia)
abortion (localisation in placenta following septicaemia)
neurological
mastitis

Question 25

A major cause of septicaemia in young animals is a failure of passive transfer (FPT). This is due to 3 possible reasons:

Answer 25

insufficient production of colostrum by the mother
insufficient intake by the young
failure of absorption across the intestines (25% of foals)

Question 26

Endotoxaemia is the presence of ___ in the blood. This is a component of the ___ ___ ___ of gram ____ bacteria. It is also referred to as a _____. It is released upon bacterial _____ or during ___.
Each LPS molecule has 3 structural domains (from distal to proximal): ____, ____, ____. The most distal is ____ _____ and specific for each bacterial strain. The middle section is where protective ____ is directed. And the most proximal section is buried into the bacterial outer membrane and mediates most of the ___ ____ of the endotoxin.

Answer 26

endotoxin
outer cell wall
negative
lipopolysaccharide
death
proliferation
O-antigenic chain
core region
Lipid A
highly variable
antibody
toxic effects

Question 27

When defending against an endotoxin, the widespread destruction of the host tissue occurs with activation of the host’s ____ _____.

Answer 27

immune system

Question 28

Endotoxaemia stages:
1 breach \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_
2 contact between \_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_
3 \_\_\_ activation 
4 \_\_\_\_ activation, with initial \_\_\_\_\_ 
5 clinical signs such as \_\_\_ (\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_) and \_\_\_
6 \_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 28

physical barriers (normally restricted to the lumen of the GIT)
LPS and blood (LPS-LBP complex forms)
macrophage
neutrophil
neutropenia
SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) CARS
death recovery

Question 29

The clinical definition of SIRS is when 2 or more of the following parameter changes occurs (4):

Answer 29

rectal temperature
heart rate
respiratory rate
WBC count

Question 30

Net result of the effects of endotoxins:
widespread _____ plugging and _______, i.e. ____
___ damage and ______, i.e. ______
_______ followed by ________, resulting in ______, tissue _____ and ______

Answer 30

intravascular
coagulation
DIC
vascular
leakage
oedema
vasoconstriction
vasodilation
hypotension
hypoxia
shock

Question 31

Multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and multi-organ failure (MOF) will be clinically evident with:
Stupor and \_\_\_
\_\_\_ failure
ileus
\_\_\_
laminitis
\_\_\_ distress

Answer 31

incoordination
renal
icterus
respiratory

Question 32

Match these up with their definition
Expectorant: ___
Mucolytic agent: ___
Decongestant: ___
Antitussive: ___
1) substance that inhibits coughing
2) Act to reduce the thickness of mucus by breaking down the chemical structure of mucus molecules, making it less thick and sticky and easier to cough up (i.e. to promote expectoration)
3) A medication that helps bring up mucus and other material from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea. Promote the drainage of mucus from the lungs by increasing the volume of airway water and thinning the mucus, and also lubricates the irritated respiratory tract
4) Reduces the inflammation of mucous membranes in nasal cavity

Answer 32

3
2
4
1

Question 33

For the following, list the number of neurons, neurotransmitter at the 1st synapse, receptor at the 1st post-synaptic membrane, neurotransmitter at the 2nd synapse, receptor at the 2nd post-synaptic membrane.
1-Somatic nervous system
2- sympathetic NS (blood vessels)
3- sympathetic NS (sweat glands)
4- sympathetic NS (adrenal medulla)
5- parasympathetic NS

Answer 33

1, ACh, Nic, -, -
2, ACh, Nic, NA, alpha and beta AR
2, ACh, nic, ACh, mus
1, ACh, nic, -, -
2, ACh, nic, ACh, mus

Question 34

For the following adrenergic receptors, state what the major effector tissue is, and their major function.
Alpha 1
Alpha 2
Beta 1
Beta 2
Beta 3

Answer 34

vascular smooth muscle, vasoconstriction
nerve endings, decreased transmitter release
cardiac muscle, kidneys, increased HR and contractility, increased renin secretion
smooth muscle (including brooch), liver and skeletal muscle, relax smooth muscle (bronchodilator- will overrule the A1 constriction), increased gluconeogenesis, increased glycogenolysis
adipose tissue, increased lipolysis

Question 35

Glucocorticosteroids have several beneficial actions in the respiratory system including ____ and _____ actions. They are a mainstay in the treatment of ___ ___ disease. The preferred delivery method for chronic disorders is ____, and in acute respiratory crisis _____ administration is common.
The mode of action of GCS is _____ of _____. This prevents conversion of ___ to aracadonic acid.

Answer 35

bronchodilator
anti-inflammatory
allergic airway
inhalation
systemic
inhibition
phospholipase
phospholipids

Question 36

Antihistamines can as as ____ or as ____.

Answer 36

bronchodilators

decongestants

Question 37

For a cat presenting with acute feline asthma, what are the first, second and third line therapies?
1st___, ___, ___
2nd____
3rd____

Answer 37

Bronchodilators, short-acting glucocorticosteroids, supplemental oxygen
anticholinergics
adrenaline