Bacteraemia and septicaemia Flashcards
_____ is the presence of bacteria in the blood. It is often transient (<1 hour) and many not result in _____ _____.
Bacteraemia
clinical illness
_____ is the systemic disease or syndrome associated with the persistent of microorganism and their toxins in the blood. This typically presents with ______ and _____.
This can present as meningitis, discospondylitis, micro abscesses in kidneys, endocarditis, abortion and septic arthritis.
Septicaemia
peteciation
fever
Risk factors for bacteraemia/septicaemia (6):
age patent umbilicus splenectomised animal neutropenic animal compromised mucosal barrier direct inoculation of the blood stream
Host defences again bacteraemia (2):
phagocytic cells in the spleen and liver
humoral immune system
Diagnosing bacteraemia/septicaemia involves taking __-__ x ___mL samples from ____ _____ sites at least _____ _____ apart over ___ hours.
3 4 10 separate veinipuncture one hour 24
Gram negative rod causes of septicaemia:
Family _____ (___, ___)
______
Family ____ (____, ____, ____, ____ spp ___ and ___)
Family Enterobacteriaceae (E. coli, Salmonella) Leptospira Family Pasturellaceae (Pasturella multocida, Haemophilus parasuis, Histophilus somni, Actinobacillus ssp. equuli and suis)
Gram positive cocci causes of septicaemia:
_____
_____, spp ___, ___, ___
_____
Staphylococcus streptococcus S. canis S. suis S. equi ss zooepidemicus Enterococcus
Gram positive rods causing septicaemia:
____
____
____
Erysipelothrix
Listeria
Bacillus anthracis
E. coli is part of the ______ family, is oxidase ____, and facultatively ______. E. coli can cause enteric disease (___) and non-enteric disease (___). However the latter does not also cause disease as they are commensals, but can cause disease in ____ animals.
Enterobacteriaceae negative anaerobic IPEC ExPEC compromised
Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) is part of the ____ intestinal flora in a fraction of healthy populations. However, once outside the gut they have the necessary ____ ____ to cause ____, ______ and urinary tract infections.
normal
virulence factors
septicaemia
meningitis
In the family ______, Salmonella cause cause ____ (acute, subacute or chronic), ______, localisation to other organs, or the animal can become a _____ and shed for ____ to ____.
Enterobacteriaceae enteritis septicaemia carrier weeks months
Salmonella can cause (3):
Enteritis
systemic infection
carrier status
Family Pasteurellaceae. Members are gram ___ ____ ____, facultatively ___, oxidase ___, and most are part of the ___ ____ of ___ ___ of the ___ and ___ cavities.
Diseases of the Pasteurella family fit into 4 basic categories: ____, _____, ____, ____.
negative short rods anaerobic positive normal flora mucous membranes oral nasal Rhinitis bronchopneumonia bite wound infections septicaemia
Strains of Pasturella. ____ that cause septicaemia are not ____ ____ and do not require much ____ _____, therefore are ____ pathogens.
multocida
normal flora
host compromise
better
Actinobacillus causes ____ ____ disease and is caused by actinobacillus ____. It results in ___ in neonatal foals and becomes localised in ____ and other ____. The source of the infection is the ____ via____, umbilical or ______ route.
sleepy foal equuli septicaemia joints organs (kidney) mare oral respiratory
Actinobacillus ___ in pigs can cause ____ _____ in piglets aged ___-___ weeks old. This results in weak, febrile piglets, respiratory distress and neurological symptoms.
It can also cause ___ ____ in older pigs and cause meningitis, arthritis, abortion, metritis, pneumonia and skin abscesses.
suis acute septicaemia 1 8 localised lesions
Three causes of septicaemia from gram positive cocci:
staphylococcus
streptococcus
enterococcus
Staphylococcus have ____ survival and is the most common cause of _____ resulting from IV catheterisation.
intracellular
bacteraemia
Streptococcus is a common cause of ____ _____ in many animal species. The source of infection is most commonly the ____, as it is normal flora of the ____ and ____. The bacteria often enter through the _____.
neonatal septicaemia mother vagina mouth umbillicus
Enterococcus spp are ____ pathogens, therefore ____ ____ is required for infection. Correction of the underlying condition is important as enterococcus is ___ to many ___. It is part of the ____ _____ and is also a soil ___.
poor host compromise resistant antimicrobials normal flora saprophyte
Gram positive rods as a cause of bacteraemia and septicaemia (2):
Erysipelothrix spp
listeria spp
Erysipelothrix cause 4 main syndromes in pigs:
sudden death in young animals and abortion in sows
generalised skin infection (diamond skin disease)
arthritis
vegetative valvular endocarditis
Erysipelothrix is found in the _____, and also the ___ and ___ ____ of many different mammals and birds, with carriers discharging the organism in faeces, saliva, nasal discharge and urine. ____ is the primary route of infection.
environment
GIT
mucous membranes
ingestion
Listeria causes 4 clinical syndromes:
visceral form (septicaemia)
abortion (localisation in placenta following septicaemia)
neurological
mastitis
