Urology Flashcards
If you are investigating for kidney stones, what investigation modality would you use and why?
Non-contrast CTKUB because contrast (lighted up) would obscure the stone (also white-out).
Risk factors for bladder cancer are:
Smoking
Aniline dyes (naph’ and benzidine)
Rubber toxin fumes
Cyclophosphamide
What other factors can raise a person’s PSA
BPH Infections or inflammation (Prostatitis or UTI) Urinary retention Vigorous exercise (Cycling) Ejaculation Instrumental investigations
If someone has hydronephrosis secondary to a kidney stone in the ureter (confirmed via imaging) what management do you go for?
Nephrostomy (tube)
What are examples of voiding symptoms of LOWER URINARY TRACT
Hesitancy Poor/intermittent stream Straining Incomplete emptying Terminal dribbling
Storage problems of the Lower Urinary Tract
Urgency
Frequency
Nocturia
Urinary incontinence
Post-micturition problems of L.UT
Post-micturition dribbling & sensation of incomplete emptying.
Someone comes to you w signs of hydrocele. What else do u need to exclude and how can you get about it?
Ultrasound for tumours.
During the TURP surgery, some guy destabilises due to hyponatraemia (visual disturbances and headache). What caused it?
Irrigation with glycine which causes TURP syndrome.
What is TURP syndrome?
It is a complication of TURP presenting with central nervous system (CNS), respiratory and systemic symptoms.
It is caused by irrigation with large volumes of glycine, which is hypo-osmolar, and is systemically absorbed when prostatic venous sinuses are opened up during prostate resection.
This results in hyponatremia. When glycine is broken down by the liver into ammonia it causes hyper-ammonia and visual disturbances.
What bacteria is most commonly associated w staghorn calculi?
Proteus Miribalis
If someone comes w normal PSA but irregular hard lumpy prostate what do you do?
Straight urgent referral 2WW to urology
With regards to stones, periureteric fat on CTKUB means?
recently passed stone
