Urology

Question 1

What is the first line treatment of ureteric stones >3mm?

Answer 1

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Question 2

What structure is dilated in varicoceles?

Answer 2

The Pampiniform Plexus

Question 3

What are the two absolute contraindications to testosterone therapy?

Answer 3

Prostate or Breast Cancer - (PSA >4)

Haematocrit >54%

Question 4

What is the most common area of the prostate for cancer to develop?

Answer 4

Peripheral prostate

Question 5

What lymph nodes do the testes drain into?

Answer 5

Para-aortic

Question 6

What is are two kidney complication in antiphospholipid syndrome?

Answer 6

Renal artery stenosis

Renal vein thrombosis

Question 7

What extra-renal complications are associated with polycystic kidney disease?

Answer 7

Berry aneurysms in the Circle of Willis
Liver cysts
Pancreatic cysts
Hepatic fibrosis
Diverticular disease
Mitral valve prolapse

Question 8

What triad of signs indicates Nephrotic Syndrome? (3)

Answer 8

Hypoalbuminaemia, Proteinuria (>3g/hr), peripheral oedema

Hypercholesterolaemia

Question 9

What is the most common cause of primary glomerulonephritis?

Answer 9

IgA nephropathy/Bergers disease

Question 10

What triad of signs indicated Nephritic Syndrome?

Answer 10

Hypertension, haematuria ‘coca-cola coloured urine’, oliguria

Question 11

What is the most common cause of Nephrotic Syndrome in children?

Answer 11

Minimal change disease

Question 12

What is found in membraneous glomerulonephritis histology?

Answer 12

IgG and complement deposits on the basement membrane

Question 13

What is the antibody involved in Goodpasture’s syndrome

Answer 13

Anti-GBM antibodies

Question 14

What organs does Goodpasture’s effect?

Answer 14

Lungs (haemorrhage)

Kidngeys (glomerulonephritis)

Question 15

What is detected in urinalysis in minimal change disease?

Answer 15

Low molecular weight proteins

Hyaline casts

Question 16

What do clear cells on renal biopsy indicate?

Answer 16

Renal Cell Carcinoma

Question 17

What histological finding would be expected in diabetic nephropathy?

Answer 17

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules

Question 18

What medications should be used firstline to treat hypertension in CKD?

Answer 18

ACE Inhibitors

OR Angiotension receptor blockers

Question 19

What is the immediate management of hyperkalaemia?

Answer 19

IV calcium gluconate plus ecg monitoring

Question 20

What are the symptoms of Alport syndrome?

Answer 20

Hearing loss (dues to inner ear deformity)
Haematuria/proteinuria (progressive kidney disease)
Vision loss (lens and retina abnormalities)

Question 21

What are the indications for emergency dialysis?

Answer 21

pH <7.2
K+ <6.5, refractory to medical therapies, ecg changes
High urea with signs of pericarditis

Question 22

What should be used for acute pain relief in renal colic?

Answer 22

IM Diclofenac

Question 23

What are the four most common types of renal calculi

Answer 23

Calcium (Oxalate/Phosphate)
Struvite
Cystine
Uric acid

Question 24

What type of renal calculi is associated with UTIs?

Answer 24

Struvite

Question 25

What can be used to stimulate expulsion of the placenta? (2)

Answer 25

IM Syntocin

Breastfeeding