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ENT Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the border of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

The posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
The anterior border of the trapezius muscle
The clavicle

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2
Q

What makes up the border of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

The anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
The inferior border of the mandible
The anterior midline of the neck

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3
Q

When determining management of pharyngitis or tonsillitis, what does the Centor criteria consist of?

A 
Fever
Tonsillar exudate
Absence of cough
Anterior cervical lymphadenopathy
Age (3-14, 15-44, >44)
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4
Q

When determining management of pharyngitis or tonsillitis, what does the feverPAIN score consist of?

A 
Fever
Absence of cough
Symptom onset <3 days ago
Inflamed tonsils
Tonsillar exudate
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5
Q

What is the only muscle in the larynx that the recurrent laryngeal nerve does not innervate?
What is the function of this muscle?

A

The cricothyroid muscle

Aids with phonation (speech)

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6
Q

What nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle?

A

The superior laryngeal nerve

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7
Q

What inheritance pattern does otosclerosis have?

A

Autosomal dominant

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8
Q

In what states are otosclerosis symptoms to be worse?

A

Pregnancy

Menstruation

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9
Q

What medical treatment can slow progression of otosclerosis?

A

Sodium fluoride

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10
Q

What bone does otosclerosis affect?

A

Stapes

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11
Q

What tumour marker is raised in medullary thyroid cancer?

A

Calcitonin

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12
Q

What is the origin of an acoustic neuroma?

A

Vestibular nerve Schwann cells

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13
Q

What are the indications for tonsillectomy?

A 
>7 episodes in 1 year
5 episodes per year for 2 years
3 episodes per year for 3 years
Suspicion of malignancy
Obstructive sleep anpnoea
Episodes are disabling and prevent normal function
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14
Q

Where does the brachial cyst arise from?

A

The second pharyngeal arch

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15
Q

Which antihistamine is non-drowsy?

A

Loratadine

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16
Q

What is the firstline management of otitis externa?

A

Topical antibacterial and steroid ear drops for 7 days

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17
Q

What benign cyst moves with tongue protrusion

A

Thyroglossal cyst

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18
Q

What is found on aspiration of a branchial cyst?

A

Cholesterol crystals

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19
Q

What vascular territory is typically affected in epistaxis

A

Kiesselbach’s plexus

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20
Q

What genetic condition is acoustic neuroma associated with?

A

Neurofibromatosis type II

21
Q

What nerve can commonly be damaged in submandibular gland surgery?
What is the function of this nerve?

A

Lingual nerve

Senses of taste and touch to the front two thirds of the tongue

22
Q

What does whistling on forced nasal expiration suggest, along with recurrent epistaxis?

A

Septal perforation

23
Q

What is the most common cause of a unilateral parotid swelling?

A

Pleomorphic adenoma

24
Q

Where are acoustic neuromas found?

A

There cerebellopontine angle

25
Q

At what size may tympanic membrane perforations require surgical replacement?

A

> 2mm

26
Q

What frequency is commonly lost in noise induced hearing loss?

A

4000Hz/4kHz

27
Q

What is presbyacusis? What does it typically present with?

A

Loss of outer hair cells in the cochlear.

Presents in older women with progressive, bilateral hearing loss, with high frequencies lost first.

28
Q

What is the diagnostic test for BPPV?

What is seen in a positive test?

A

Dix Hallpike manoevre

Nystagmus and dizziness occur in a positive test

29
Q

What is the treatment for BPPV?

A

Epley manoever

30
Q

What is the pathological process in Meniere’s disease?

A

Increased endolymph volume in the membraneous labyrinth with progressive distension

31
Q

What are the symptoms of Meniere’s?

A

Fluctuant, episodic attacks of vertigo. Along with hearing loss, tinnitus and sensation of aural pressure.
It can be unilateral or bilateral.

32
Q

What is the treatment for attacks of Meniere’s?

What must be done in someone with Meniere’s?

A

Prochlorperazine

Inform the DVLA

33
Q

What can be used for prophylaxis in Meniere’s?

A

Betahistine

34
Q

What can differentiate labyrinthitis from vestibular neuritis?

A

Labyrinthitis has hearing loss

Vestibular neuritis does not

35
Q

What is the management of otitis externa?

A

Topical antibacterials plus steroids and analgesia

36
Q

What is a serious complication of otitis externa and it’s red flag symptom?

A

Necrotising otitis externa

Facial nerve palsy

37
Q

What are the common bacteria that cause necrotising otitis externa?

A

Staph Aureus

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

38
Q

What is seen with an otoscope in acute otitis media?

A

Red/yellow bulging tympanic membrane, red pinna

39
Q

What is seen with an otoscope in otitis media with effusion?

A

Opaque, yellow, intact, retracted tympanic membrane with loss of light reflex.
Presence of bubbles.

40
Q

How many weeks must symptoms persist for sinusitis to be considered chronic?

A

12

41
Q

What is Ramsay-Hunt syndrome?

A

Shingles of the facial nerve with Bell’s Palsy

42
Q

What is the management of Bell’s Palsy

A

Prednisolone within 72 hours of onset of symptoms

43
Q

What nerve does Bell’s Palsy affect?

A

Cranial nerve VII - facial nerve

44
Q

What drug must be avoided in glandular fever and why?

A

Amoxicillin

It causes a widespread, itchy maculopapular rash

45
Q

What test can be done for EBV, how long after symptoms start should it be used?

A

Monospot

2 weeks - otherwise can be a false negative

46
Q

What are the features of scarlet fever?

A

Strawberry tongue, flushed face, punctate skin rash

47
Q

What are the features of quinsy?

A

Swelling caused by pus trapped between tonsillar capsule and lateral pharyngeal wall.
Drooling saliva, lockjaw, foul smelling breath, altered voice, uvula deviated away from lesion.

48
Q

What is the management for quinsy?

A

IV benzylpenicillin

Aspiration

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