Urology Flashcards
in what location are inguinal hernias?
groin swelling
in what location are hydrocoele?
scrotum swelling
in what gender are inguinal hernias more common?
males
are inguinal hernias more commonly indirect or or direct in children?
indirect
what is a risk factor for a inguinal hernia?
prematurity
do inguinal hernias need an operation?
yes!
under 1 year what is the management for an inguinal hernia?
urgent referral and surgery
what does incarcerated hernia mean?
the hernia has got stuck
- can lead to ischaemia and infarction
why are hydrocele common in new borns?
Because where the testis has descended, hasn’t closed properly and fluid can pass through
are hydrocele painful?
no
harmless and painless
at what time of the day are hydrocele worse?
in the evening after the child has been standing up all day and the fluid has been able to collect in the scrotum
does hydrocele need treated?
most disappear on their own
what is cryptorchidism?
undescended testis
what is true cryptorchidism?
hasn’t descended at any stage
what is ectopic cryptorchidism?
testis has ended up in strange location like thigh to opposite scrotum
is cryptorchidism more common in preterm newborns?
yes
-because the testis haven’t descended properly yet
what are some complications of crytorchidism?
infertility malignancy - due to dysplastic testis that hasn't descended torsion cosmetic
what is the surgery used to treat crytorchidism?
orchidopexy
what is the absolute indication for circumcision ?
balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO)
what is balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO)?
scarring of the foreskin
state some complications of circumcision?
bleeding
meatal stenosis
fistula of urethra
cosmetic
state some DD of acute scrotum?
torsion testis
torsion appendix testis
epididymitis
how long can testis be recovered in tesicular torsion?
6-8hours
do testis with blue dot sign require surgery?
no
what is the classic triad of features for a UTI?
single growth bacteria >10^5
pyuria
systemic upset (fever, vomiting)
how can bowel habit be affected during an UTI?
constipated
what are the two types of renography?
MAG3 - drainage function
DMSA - perfusion function
what is hypospadias?
urethral meatus on ventral aspect of the penis
