Urology

Question 1

in what location are inguinal hernias?

Answer 1

groin swelling

Question 2

in what location are hydrocoele?

Answer 2

scrotum swelling

Question 3

in what gender are inguinal hernias more common?

Answer 3

males

Question 4

are inguinal hernias more commonly indirect or or direct in children?

Answer 4

indirect

Question 5

what is a risk factor for a inguinal hernia?

Answer 5

prematurity

Question 6

do inguinal hernias need an operation?

Answer 6

yes!

Question 7

under 1 year what is the management for an inguinal hernia?

Answer 7

urgent referral and surgery

Question 8

what does incarcerated hernia mean?

Answer 8

the hernia has got stuck

- can lead to ischaemia and infarction

Question 9

why are hydrocele common in new borns?

Answer 9

Because where the testis has descended, hasn’t closed properly and fluid can pass through

Question 10

are hydrocele painful?

Answer 10

no

harmless and painless

Question 11

at what time of the day are hydrocele worse?

Answer 11

in the evening after the child has been standing up all day and the fluid has been able to collect in the scrotum

Question 12

does hydrocele need treated?

Answer 12

most disappear on their own

Question 13

what is cryptorchidism?

Answer 13

undescended testis

Question 14

what is true cryptorchidism?

Answer 14

hasn’t descended at any stage

Question 15

what is ectopic cryptorchidism?

Answer 15

testis has ended up in strange location like thigh to opposite scrotum

Question 16

is cryptorchidism more common in preterm newborns?

Answer 16

yes

-because the testis haven’t descended properly yet

Question 17

what are some complications of crytorchidism?

Answer 17

infertility 
malignancy 
- due to dysplastic testis that hasn't descended 
torsion 
cosmetic

Question 18

what is the surgery used to treat crytorchidism?

Answer 18

orchidopexy

Question 19

what is the absolute indication for circumcision ?

Answer 19

balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO)

Question 20

what is balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO)?

Answer 20

scarring of the foreskin

Question 21

state some complications of circumcision?

Answer 21

bleeding
meatal stenosis
fistula of urethra
cosmetic

Question 22

state some DD of acute scrotum?

Answer 22

torsion testis
torsion appendix testis
epididymitis

Question 23

how long can testis be recovered in tesicular torsion?

Answer 23

6-8hours

Question 24

do testis with blue dot sign require surgery?

Answer 24

no

Question 25

what is the classic triad of features for a UTI?

Answer 25

single growth bacteria >10^5
pyuria
systemic upset (fever, vomiting)

Question 26

how can bowel habit be affected during an UTI?

Answer 26

constipated

Question 27

what are the two types of renography?

Answer 27

MAG3 - drainage function

DMSA - perfusion function

Question 28

what is hypospadias?

Answer 28

urethral meatus on ventral aspect of the penis