Cardiology

Question 1

state some general causes of congenital heart disease?

Answer 1

genetic susceptibility
chromosomal abnormalities
environmental factors

Question 2

state some environmental factors that can cause congenital heart disease?

Answer 2

drugs 
alcohol
infection - TORCH 
maternal conditions 
acquired disease - Kawasaki disease

Question 3

what three features have to be thought about when listening to murmurs?

Answer 3

timing of cardiac cycle
duration
pitch/quality

Question 4

what three timings of murmurs can occur?

Answer 4

diastolic
systolic
continuous

Question 5

what % of murmurs are innocent?

Answer 5

70-80%

Question 6

state the four types of innocent murmurs?

Answer 6

stills
pulmonary outflow murmur
carotid/brachiocephalic arterial bruits
venous hum

Question 7

what does TORCH stand for?

Answer 7

toxoplasmosis 
other - syphilis, varicella zoster
rubella 
cytomegalovirus 
herpes

Question 8

what are the 8 common congenital heart lesions ?

Answer 8

ventricular septal defect 
patent ductus arteriosus
atrial septal defect 
pulmonary stenosis 
aortic stenosis 
coarctation of the aorta
transposition of the great arteries 
tetralogy of fallot

Question 9

what are the three types of VSD?

Answer 9

sub aortic
perimembraneous
muscular

Question 10

what is the murmur of VSD sound like?

Answer 10

pansytolic murmur lower left sternal

Question 11

what is eisenmenger syndrome ?

Answer 11

right to left shunt so becomes cyanosed

Question 12

what is the treatment of PDA?

Answer 12

• Fluid restriction/diuretics
• Prostaglandins inhibitors (IV ibuprofen)
• Surgical ligation

Question 13

does atrial septal defect have a good or bad prognosis?

Answer 13

good prognosis

Question 14

what is the treatment for pulmonary stenosis ?

Answer 14

Balloon valvoplasty

Question 15

what symptoms can pulmonary stenosis have ?

Answer 15

exertional dyspnoea and fatigue

Question 16

does aortic stenosis have many symptoms ?

Answer 16

no mostly asymptomatic

Question 17

how is coarctation of aorta treated?

Answer 17

re open PDA with prostagladins
balloon aortoplasty
subclavian patch repair

Question 18

what are the four features of tetralogy of fallot?

Answer 18

pulmonary stenosis
RVH
over riding aorta
VSD

Question 19

what pulse can be used for coarctation of the aorta ?

Answer 19

femoral pulse is reduced

Question 20

state some investigations that can be done for heart conditions ?

Answer 20

BP
O2 stats 
ECG 
CXR 
Echo
Catheter 
Doppler

Question 21

state some features of innocent murmurs

Answer 21

systolic murmur
soft murmur
no other cardiac signs
varies with position, respiration, exercise

Question 22

what sorta murmur is stills?

Answer 22

LV outflow murmur

Question 23

in what position is LV outflow murmur heard most?

Answer 23

supine position

Question 24

in what position is pulmonary outflow murmur heard most?

Answer 24

supine position

Question 25

in what position is carotid/brachiocephalic arterial bruits murmur heard most?

Answer 25

supraclavicular

Question 26

in what position is venous hum murmur heard most?

Answer 26

supraclavicular and sitting up

Question 27

what does turner syndrome result in ?

Answer 27

co arctation of the aorta

Question 28

what does noonan syndrome result in ?

Answer 28

pulmonary stenosis

Question 29

what does williams syndrome result in ?

Answer 29

supravavular AS

Question 30

what complications can occur in kawasaki disease?

Answer 30

blood vessels become inflamed and swollen which can reduce blood flow in coronary arteries