Urology 2 AI Flashcards
What should be monitored when administering furosemide as a diuretic?
The potassium concentration should be monitored because furosemide may cause hypokalemia.
What precaution should be taken when using intravenous fluids on animals with glomerular diseases?
Intravenous fluids should be used cautiously and with careful monitoring, as animals with glomerular diseases are prone to fluid overload.
When is fluid therapy beneficial for animals?
Fluid therapy is only beneficial for animals that are dehydrated or hypovolemic.
What are the learning objectives of this module?
- Explain how proteinuria can be categorised in relation to the glomerulus
- Describe the major steps in the investigation of dogs and cats with proteinuria
- Identify the major causes of proteinuria in dogs and cats
- Distinguish between the major types of glomerular disease
- Describe the key elements of non-specific treatment for animals with proteinuria
- Explain the mechanism of action of drugs used to decrease proteinuria
- Outline the suggested criteria for use of immunosuppressive drugs for dogs with proteinuria
- Indicate the prognosis for dogs with different forms of protein-losing nephropathy
- Describe the major types and clinical features of renal neoplasia
- Explain the major clinical findings and treatment options for dogs with Fanconi syndrome
- Discuss the clinical management of cats with ureteral obstruction
What does proteinuria refer to?
The presence of protein in the urine
What is the normal amount of protein in urine for healthy dogs and cats?
Less than 0.01 g/l of albumin
How can causes of proteinuria be categorized?
According to the location of the underlying problem in the kidney
What are the most common methods for evaluating proteinuria?
- Dipstick measurement
- Urine protein: creatinine ratio (UPC)
What are the advantages of using dipstick measurement for proteinuria evaluation?
Cheap, widely available, and immediate results
How should the results of a urine dipstick be interpreted?
Results must be interpreted alongside the urine specific gravity
What is the sensitivity of dipsticks for the presence of albumin in urine?
Approximately 0.3 g/l
What is the urine protein: creatinine ratio (UPC) used for?
To account for differences in urine specific gravity
What does a UPC ratio measured on a single urine sample provide an estimate of?
The amount of protein excreted by dogs over 24 hours
What can cause false negative results in dipstick measurements?
Proteins other than albumin, such as Bence Jones proteins
What is the specificity of the dipstick for diagnosis of albuminuria in dogs?
Approximately 50%
What is the specificity of the dipstick for diagnosis of albuminuria in cats?
Approximately 10%
What is the primary barrier to the movement of large substances into the filtrate?
The glomerular barrier
What forms the slit diaphragm in the glomerular barrier?
Overlapping podocyte foot processes
What is the width of the pores between overlapping podocyte foot processes?
25-40 nm
How are filtered proteins handled by tubular epithelial cells?
They are endocytosed and degraded
When does the mechanism for filtered protein handling become saturated?
If there is excessive protein leakage into the filtrate
What molecular weight range of proteins are filtered in small amounts?
Proteins with a molecular weight of 60 kilodaltons or greater
Which protein is kept in the blood due to filtration restrictions?
Albumin (69 kDa) and other plasma proteins
What is the function of maintaining colloid osmotic pressure?
Preventing loss of fluid from the plasma into the extracellular space