urology Flashcards

1
Q

urge incontinence

A

caused by overactivity of the detrusor muscle of the bladder

suddenly feeling the urge, rushing to bathroom + not making it

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2
Q

management of urge incontinence

A

bladder retraining - increasing time between voiding

anticholinergic med = oxybutynin (dry mouth/eye)
beta-3 agonist = mirabegron

invasive - sacral nerve stimulation, cytoplast (enlarge bowel), urinary diversion (stoma)

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3
Q

stress incontinence

A

urine leaks at times of increased bladder pressure due to weakness of pelvic floor + sphincter muscle - laughing, coughing or surprised

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4
Q

management of stress incontinence

A

pelvic exercises, avoid diuretics, caffiene

duloxetine

vaginal tape/sling, colsuspension, intral urethral bulking

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5
Q

pharmacological management of stress incontinence

A

duloxetine

–> SNRI antidepressant, second line where surgery is preferred

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6
Q

surgical management of stress incontinence

A

vaginal tape - sling arounf urethra
colsuspension - stitching anterior wall to pubic symphysis
intramural urethral bulking - injection to reduce diameter

artifical urinary sphincter - pump to deflate cuff around urethra

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7
Q

commonest cause of pyelonephritis

A

E. coli
klebsiella

both gram neg anaerobic rods

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8
Q

management of pyelonephritis

A

co-trimaxazole 7-10days

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9
Q

management of benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

immediate = alpha-blockers - tamsulosin (postural hypotension)

gradual = 5-alpha reductase inhbitors - finasteride

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10
Q

treatment of small ureteric stones

A

alpha blocker = tamsulosin

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11
Q

testicular torsion vs torsion of appendix testes

A

testicular torsion = absent cremasteric reflex

appendix = cremasteric reflex present, super young, blue dot, resolve without surgery

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12
Q

bell clapper deformity

A

testicular torsion

–> fixation between testicle + tunica vaginalis is absent, hangs horizontally

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13
Q

management testicular torsion

A

surgical exploration, >6hr pretty irretrievable

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14
Q

acute epididymitis cause

A

bacterial infection - gonorrhoea or chlamydia
amiodarone
history of UTI, catheter

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15
Q

commonest bacterial cuse of epididymo-orchitis

A

gonorrhea or chlamydia

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16
Q

epididymo-orchitis presentation

A

tenderness confined to epididymis
cremasteric reflex present
dysuria

17
Q

management of epididymo-orchitis

A

analgesia, bed rst

ofloxacin

18
Q

epididymo-orchitis investigation

A

us - swollen epidudymis, increased blood flow

urine culture
chlamydia PCR

19
Q

hydrocele

A

fluid around testes - between tunica vaginalis + mesothelial lining
transilluminates, can “get above it”

20
Q

variocele

A

bag of worms

Ix = US with doppler

21
Q

can’t get above testicular lump

A

hernia

22
Q

paraphimosis

A

Painful swelling of foreskin distal to phimotic ring
Often after foreskin retracted for catheter or cystoscopy + staff forget to put it back
–> Impairs venous return resulting in oedema

Management = reduce oedema, apply pressure while – if fails dorsal slit to cut foreskin

23
Q

balanitis xerotic obliterans/lichen sclerosis

A

progressive inflammatory dermatosis glans penis + foreskin
common
young, present with phimosis/paraphimosis

histology = band of collagen + band of lymphocytes

24
Q

what causes genital warts?

A

HPV 6 + 11

25
Q

high risk HPV strains

A

16 + 18

26
Q

priapism and treatment

A

prolonged unwanted erection (>4hrs)

aspiration of blood within corpus cavernosa + irrigation with salin
–> adrenaline may also be used, US to check for damage

27
Q

fourniers gangrene

A

type of necrotising faciitis affecting perineum (male genitalia)
starts as cellulitis
mortality high in diabetics + alcoholics

Ix = xray/US - gas in tissue
Mx = antibiotics + surgical debridement
28
Q

commonest causative organism of emphysematous pyelonephritis

A

E. coli

29
Q

emphysematous pyelonephritis

A

acute necrotising + perirenal infection caused by GAS-forming uropathogens
–> E.coli

common in diabetics, assoc with ureteric obstruction

30
Q

emphysematous pyelonephritis presentation, investigation + management

A
px = fever, vomiting, flank pain
ix = CT - gas in kidney

Mx = ITU, not settling then nephrectomy

31
Q

perinephric abscess

A

flank mass, high WBC, high serum creatinine, pyuria

ix = CT

Mx = antibiotics + percutaneous surgical drainage

32
Q

what is posterior urethral injury assoc with? investigation + management

A

fracture of pubic rami

ix = retrograde urethrogram
mx = suprapubic catheter, delayed construction after at least 3 months
33
Q

bladder injury presentation

A

assoc pelvic fracture

pain, tender, bruising
inability to void
guarding/rigidity
diminished bowels sounds

34
Q

bladder injury investigation

A

CT cystography

extraperitoneal injury = flame-shaped collection of contrast in pelvis

35
Q

bladder injury management

A

large bre catheter, antibiotic

repeat cystogram in 14days

36
Q

penile fracture

A

typically happens during intercourse
cracking/popping sound followed pain, rapid detumenscence, discolouration + swelling

mx = prompt exploration + repair

37
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia, which lobe is most likely affected?

A

median lobe of prostate

38
Q

hyposapadias

A

Hypospadias is a birth defect in boys in which the opening of the urethra is not located at the tip of the penis.

39
Q

hy

A