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renal > cancers (-RCC) > Flashcards

cancers (-RCC) Flashcards

1
Q

myeloma

A

cancer of plasma cells - overproduction, accumulate in bone marrow and/or soft tissue

(plasma cells = type of B lymphocyre that produce antibodies)

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2
Q

4 classic features of myeloma

A 
CRAB 
Calcium - high
Renal failure
Anaemia
Bone lesions/pain
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3
Q

plasma viscosity in myeloma

A

increases due to more proteins in the blood

–> causes easy bruising, purplish palmar erythema

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4
Q

myeloma presentation

A

bone pain/weakness - lytic lesions
anaemia
raised Ca, ESR, plasma viscos
low WBC - recurrent infections

light chain cast nephropathy

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5
Q

myeloma diagnosis

A

bloods -> protein electrophoresis-> lots of abnormal protein + free light chains

urine -> Bence Jones protein -> light chain/Ig in urine

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6
Q

what part of the prostate is prostate cancer commonly found?

A

peripheral zone (adenocarcinomas)

physiological with age = central + transitional zones

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7
Q

prostate cancer presentation

A

weight loss
LUTS - weakflow, terminal dribbling, hesitancy
haematuria

(may be asymmtomatic)

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8
Q

PSA

A

glycoprotein produced by epithelial cells of prostate
secrete in semen + small amount entering blood - makes semen thinner
unreliable
raised can indicate prostate cancer

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9
Q

prostate cancer investigations

A

DRE + PSA
multiparametric MRI
biopsy (if MRI >=3 + clinical suspicion)
–> TRUS

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10
Q

Gleasons grading system for prostate cancer

A

based on histology from biopsy - graded 1-5 (5 bad)
2 scores added together - 1st + 2nd most prevalent pattern

6=low risk
7= intermediate (3+4 lower 4+3)
8+ = high risk

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11
Q

management of prostate cancer

A

surveillance in early
external bean radiotherapy
brachytherapy - implanting radioactive metal seeds into prostate
hormone therapy

radical prostatectomy

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12
Q

hormone therapy for prostate cancer

A

androgen-receptor blockers - bicalutamide
GnRH agonists - goserelin

SE = hot flushes, gynaeomastia, sexual dysfunction

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13
Q

most common bladder cancer

A

transitional cell carcinoma

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14
Q

types of bladder cancer

A

transitional cell carcinoma (90%) - papillary in appearance
squamous cell carcinoma (5 - schistosomiasis)

adenocarcinoma, sarcoma, small cell

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15
Q

risk factors for bladder cancer

A

!!! smoking !!!
occupational exposure - dye, rubber
chronic bladder infections

schistosomiasis –> squamous cell

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16
Q

smoking is the biggest risk factor to which cancer (other than lung)

A

bladder

17
Q

bladder cancer presentation

A

painless haematuria
recurrent UTIs
suprapubic pain, burning mucturition

retired dye factory worker/lake malawi (schistosomiasis)

18
Q

bladder cancer investigations

A

CT urogram

flexible cystoscopy

19
Q

bladder cancer staging

A

Tis - only urothelium + flat
Ta - only urothelium + projecting into blaffer
T1 - invading connective tissue layer beyond urothelium, not muscular layer

muscle-invasive = T2-T4

20
Q

medical (Symptomatic) treatment of bladder cancer

A

anticholinergic - inhibits bladder smooth muscle contraction
beta agonist

21
Q

management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer

A

transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT)

intravesical chemo via catheter (post TURBT)

22
Q

management of muscle invasive bladder cancer

A

radical cystectomy - urostomy with ileal conduit

external beam radiotherapy

23
Q

types of testicular cancer

A

seminomatous - 35-45yrs (sergeants older)

non-seminomatous (teratomas) - <35 (troops, younger)

24
Q

risk factors for testicular cancer

A 
undescended testes = cryptochidism
male infertility
fam history
increased height
white causasian + usa
25
Q

presentation of testicular cancer

A

painless lump - hard, irregular, not fluctuant

gynaecomastia –> Leydig cell tumour

26
Q

tumour markers of testicular cancer

A

alpha-fetoprotein - teratomas

beta-hCG - teratomas + seminnomas

LDH = non-specific

27
Q

penile cancer, commonest site/type

A

skin cancer - 95% squamous cell carcinoma

commonest site = glans (bell end)

28
Q

risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of bladder

A

schistosomiasis

long term cather - squamous METAPLASIA

renal (15 decks)

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