questions !

Question 1

which drugs used within the past week increase risk of acute kidney injury?

Answer 1

NSAIDs
aminoglycosides - gentamicin
ACEi
ARBs
diuretics

iodinated contrast agents

Question 2

hormone which stimulates thirst

Answer 2

angiotensin II (via hypothalmus)

also stimulates aldosterone + ADH release

increases proximal tubule Na/H activity

Question 3

effect of angiotensin II on GFR, renal plasma flow + filtration fraction

Answer 3

increased GFR + filtration rate

decreased plasma flow

Question 4

primary hyperaldosteronism effect on kidney

Answer 4

hypOkalaemia

Question 5

2 umbrella causes for acute tubular necrosis

Answer 5

ischaemia = shock + sepsis

nephrotoxins

• aminoglycosides(gentamicin)
• myoglobin post rhabdomyolysis)
• radiocontrast agents
• lead

Question 6

features of acute tubular necrosis

Answer 6

features of AKI - raised urea, creatinine, potssium

muddy brown casts in urine

Question 7

acute tubular necrosis on histology

Answer 7

tubular epithelium necrosis - loss of nuclei + detachment of tubular cells from basement membrane

dilatation of tubules may occur

necrotic cells obstruct tubule lumen

Question 8

how is filtration fraction calculated?

Answer 8

glomerular filtration rate / renal plasma flow

Question 9

effect of ACEi on GFR, renal plasma flow + filtration fraction

Answer 9

decreased GFR + filtration fraction

increased renal plasma flow

Question 10

mode of action of calcium gluconate

Answer 10

stabilises myocardium - prevent cardiax arrect in hyperkalaemia

do NOT lower potassium