Urology Flashcards
Worrying cause of L varicocele
Left renal tumour invading left renal vein causing engorgement of scrotal vein leading to varicocele
What substances are used to measure eGFR
inulin
creatinine
Nephrotic syndrome criteria
low plasma albumin, proteinuria, oedema
Response of adrenal cortex to stress
Increased aldosterone + ADH release
Staghorn calculi made out of
struvite
Staghorn calculi caused by which organism
proteus
Most common renal tumour
RCC
Spread of RCC
haematogenous
cannon ball lung mets
Hyperacute organ rejection
immediately
due to presence of pre formed antigens (e.g. ABO incompatibility
Acute organ rejection
first 6 months
T cell mediated
Chronic organ rejection
after 6 months
due to vascular changes
Most important HLA antigens in renal transplant
DR > B > A
Bladder cancer staging
Ta: non invasive/invasive papillary
Tis: CIS/non invasive flat
T1: invades sub epithelial connective tissue
T2: invades muscle layer
T3: invades wall of bladder and prevesical tissue around it
T4: invades nearby organs/structures
Nx: unable to assess N0: no LN N1: 1 LN <2cm N2: 1 LN 2-5cm/multiple nodes <5cm N3: >5cm, mets along common iliac artery LNs
Mx: unable to assess
M0: no distant spread
M1: distant spread
Stages of bladder cancer
0-IV
Most common type of Prostate CA
adenocarcinoma (95%)
