UROLOGY 1 Flashcards
What is the normal daily water intake for dogs?
50-100 ml/kg
What is the normal daily water intake for cats?
30-50 ml/kg
What is the typical urine production for cats?
25-50 ml/kg/day
[1-2ml/kg/hr]
What is the typical urine production for dogs?
50 ml/kg/day
What are 3 broad signs of upper urinary tract issues?
inability to concentrate urine [polyuria, polydipsia]
failure to produce urine
systemically unwell
What is uraemia
constellation of clinical signs associated with nephron loss
What are some signs/examples of uraemia?
urine smelling breath
oral ulceration
anorexia
vomiting
lethargy
malaise
neuro signs
Is periuria [urine soiling] a sign of upper or lower urinary tract issue?
lower
Is pollakiuria [frequent urination] a sign of upper or lower urinary tract issue?
lower
Is dysuria and stranguria a sign of upper or lower urinary tract issue?
lower
Is polyuria and polydipsia a sign of an upper or lower urinary tract issue?
upper
Is anuria and oliguria a sign of an upper or lower urinary tract issue?
upper
Define oliguria
Decreased urine production (0.25 - 1 ml/kg/hour)
What does anuria refer to?
Absent/negligible urine production (<0.25 ml/kg/hour)
What is azotaemia? (increase in which 2 products?)
Increased serum nitrogenous waste products (urea and creatinine)
What is dysuria?
Painful or difficult urination
What does haematuria indicate?
Presence of red blood cells in urine
What is the definition of incontinence?
Involuntary urination
What is the broad significance of urine specific gravity?
A marker of urine concentration ability
How is urine specific gravity measured?
refractometer
What does isosthenuria mean?
What is the range for it?
isosthenuria: urine SG is the same as plasma. the kidneys have done nothing
1.008-1.012
What is hyposthenuria?
Urine specific gravity ≤ 1.007 (dilute compared to plasma)
What is hypersthenuria?
Urine specific gravity ≥ 1.013 (concentrated compared to plasma)
What urine specific gravity indicates adequate concentration in dogs?
≥ 1.030
What urine specific gravity indicates adequate concentration in cats?
≥ 1.035
Rather than measuring urine protien ratio with a dipstick, what is measured instead?
urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UP:C)
What is considered a normal UP:C ratio for dogs?
< 0.5
What is considered normal UP:C for cats?
< 0.4
Once the UP:C becomes >2, where is the issue likely located?
What if it is <2? [but still high]
> 2 glomerulus
<2 tubular
What is the preferred collection method for urine culture?
Cystocentesis
What is elevated blood levels of nitrogenous waste products called?
Azotaemia
What is pre-renal azotaemia caused by?
Reduced renal perfusion (dehydration, hypovolaemia)
[affects [urine]]
What specific gravity indicates pre-renal azotaemia?
> 1.030
What is renal azotaemia caused by?
nephron damage/loss due to kidney injury
What is post-renal azotaemia characterized by?
obstruction/urine leakage into abdomen
affects urine volume
What specific gravity will be present in renal azotaemia?
isothenuric (1.007-1.012)
Which type of azotaemia may have increased urine volume?
only renal
In serum biochemistry measurement, what can albumin indicate?
knowing amount of protein present, can indicate glomerular damage
In serum biochemistry measurement, what can pottasium indicate?
can increase in kidney obstruction. can drop in chronic issues
In serum biochemistry measurement, what can calcium indicate?
can drop in ehtylene glycol toxicities
In serum biochemistry measurement, what can high liver (&kidney) values indicate?
possibly leptospirosis
How would a GI bleed affect urea in blood?
increase urea:
[body treats the bleed as a high protien meal][creatinine would be normal]
How would a recent meal affect urea in blood?
increase urea: has to do with protien digestion. more protien has been recently digested
Which one bloodwork measure is the best indicator of kidney function?
In which breed would it be naturally high?
creatinine
greyhounds
[creatinine released from muscle and filtered by kidneys. greyhounds are well muscled dogs]
What does SDMA stand for?
Symmetrical Dimethylarginine
What does SDMA detect in relation to kidney function?
Glomerular filtration rate
What is the benifit of SDMA?
Can detect nephron loss earlier (@25% loss)
not reliant on muscle mass
When are biopsies used in kidney assessment? [what condition]
Used in protein losing nephropathies
True or False: Urine volume is typically increased in upper urinary tract disorders.
True
Which part of the kidney is sampled in a biopsy: the cortex or medulla?
cortex only
