INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1-3 TO STUDY Flashcards
Risk of vaccination: in the case of an adverse side effect, this should be reported to which agency?
Veterinary medicine directive
List the 4 NON-CORE vaccines for cats -
1. Bacteria: __________ _________
2. Bacteria: __________ _________
3. ______ (abbreviation): only in some countries, variable efficacy
4. ______ (abbreviation): a new one on the way?
Chlamydia felis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, FIV, FIP
Risk of vaccination: giving repeated doses of vaccines puts cat at risk of damage to which organ?
Kidneys
Maternally derived antibodies can last to: FHV-1 = _______ weeks, FCV = _______ weeks, FPV = _______ weeks
FHV-1 = 2-10 weeks, FCV = 10-14 weeks, FPV = 12-16+ weeks
Which 2 core feline vaccines should be given live? (abbreviations)
FPV, FCV
Which 2 feline bacterial vaccines are only recommended when there is a proven problem in the cattery/household?
Chlamydia felis, Bordetella bronchiseptica
FPV: this virus is very stable, and can survive for over ___ __________ at room temperature in organic material (how long?)
1 year
FPV: Older kitten infections -> morbidity is high, with mortality varying from _________ (range, percentage)
25-75%
FIA: Which three organisms cause this disease?
Mycoplasma haemofelis, Mycoplasma turicensis, Mycoplasma haemominutum
FIA: This disease should be treated with which two antibiotics?
Doxycycline, pradofloxacin
FIA: The immune-mediated hemolytic anemia should be treated with which drug?
Prednisolone
FeLV & FIV: Prevalence - sick cats = ______ (percentage), healthy cats = _____ (range, percentage)
15%, 1-5%
FeLV: FeLV can be associated with other disorders, the main two being ____________ ___________ (similar to FPV infection) and _________ (ocular)
Hemorrhagic enteritis, uveitis
FIV: These animals in particular should not be vaccinated because this virus lives in __________ ____ _______ (cell type), and these cells are upregulated after vaccination -> increase in viral load
Memory T cells
Cat flu: Which viral agent causes limping syndrome? (abbreviation)
FCV
Cat flu: Which viral agent causes vasculitis & jaundice?
Virulent systemic FCV
Cat flu: Which bacterial agent causes symptoms in the eyes only?
Chlamydia felis
Cat flu: In diagnosing the causative agent, we should ask - 1. What ______ group is affected? 2. Other problems in the colony? 3. ____________ history? 4. Type of __________?
Age, vaccination, housing
Cat flu: Cats with FHV-1 infections often experience tear-film deficiencies, and thus should be treated with what tear mucin replacement?
Hyaluronic acid
Cat flu: Which immune-modulating compound can be used to treat these patients?
IFN-omega
FHV-1: Which drug can be used to treat this condition, but is expensive and bitter?
Famciclovir
FHV-1: If giving eye drops for this disease, which drug is easier to use and non-irritating? Trifluorothymidine or Cidofovir?
Cidofovir
FHV-1 & FCV: Survival in environment - how long does FHV-1 survive in the environment?
<24 hours
FHV-1 & FCV: Survival in environment - how long does FCV survive in the environment? (range)
8-10 days
VS-FCV: What is the ideal treatment for these cases? (two things)
High dose interferon, antibiotics
FIP: The original coronavirus lives in ___________ (cell type), the twice mutated FIP virus replicates in _____________ (cell type)
Enterocytes, macrophages
FIP: Because the mutated virus replicates inside macrophages, how do we describe lesions from this disease?
Granulomatous
FIP: Pathogenesis & Outcome - FCoV infection -> partial cell-mediated immunity = ?
Non-effusive FIP
FIP: Pathogenesis & Outcome - FCoV infection -> weak cell-mediated immunity = ?
Effusive FIP
FIP: What is the main concern with the Cyprus strain of FIP?
Direct transmission
FIP: Serum biochemistry often should an A:G ratio of ______, with __________ globulin levels, and __________ alpha 1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) levels
<0.4, increased, increased
FIP: Fluid analysis via fine needle aspirate can be done using which two diagnostic aids?
Immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry
FIP: The Idexx FIP PCR test detects viruses with mutated ___ genes
S
FIP: Diagnosis - fluid will be _________ (color), __________ (texture), high protein, low cells, and cells will be ______ __________ neutrophils and ______________
Yellow, viscous, non toxic, macrophages
FIP: Treatment - which two adjunct treatments have the best efficacy?
Polyprenyl immunostimulant, mefloquine
FIP: Treatment - which antiviral prodrug has 85-90% success? Initially IV if severe, then liquid formulation
Remdesivir
FIP: Treatment - which antiviral can be used to treat these cases, with the same efficacy as remdesivir?
Molnupiravir
Risk of vaccination: because cat vaccines are grown in Crandell Rees feline kidney cell cultures, cats are at a 6x risk of what condition? Because of antigens left that can cause what molecules to form?
Chronic kidney disease, autoantibodies
Risk of vaccination: the first dose of which vaccine can cause immune-mediated polyarthritis in kittens?
Feline calicivirus
FPV & FeLV provide solid immunity, but ______ & _______ vaccines only protect against clinical signs
FCV, FHV-1
Vaccine guidelines vs datasheets - which one should we use?
Guidelines
Vaccination timing: colostrum-deprived kittens should be started on vaccines earlier, around ___ weeks of age. Vaccination should be through _________ vaccines or __________ __________ (unrelated mother cat plasma?)
4, killed, passive immunity
Vaccination timing: if maternally derived antibodies are strong, start kitten vaccination at >= ____ weeks
16
Live vs killed/dead vaccines & protection: Which core feline vaccine should be given killed/dead?
FHV-1
Vaccination boosters: for the core vaccines (FPV, FCV, FHV-1, FeLV) a healthy cat at low risk should receive a booster every ___ years
3
FPV: Late-stage gestation or neonatal infection -> can result in profound & permanent suppression of the _________ system, thymic atrophy, retinal dysplasia, and ___________ _____________ (cf CPV)
Immune, cerebellar hypoplasia
FPV: Older kitten infections -> range from subclinical to peracute death, symptoms often involve __________ with a particular smell, and sometimes blood
Diarrhea
FIA: Route of transmission is via saliva through _________ and ________
Biting, fleas
FIA: Which kind of test should be used for this disease? (abbreviation)
PCR
FeLV & FIV: Horizontal transmission within households is more likely to occur with which of these viruses?
FeLV
FeLV: In general, what percentage of cats have - 1. Progressive infection = _____, 2. Regressive infection = _____, 3. Abortive infection = _____
30%, 30%, 30%
FeLV: What type of infection? Progressive, regressive, or abortive? ELISA -, PCR -, NAb +
Abortive
FeLV & FIV: Which clinical sign is seen in 5-15% of FeLV+, and also seen in FIV+? FeLV viremic cats are at 50x risk for lymphoma
Neoplasia
FIV: Up to 20% of FIV-infected cats do not have detectable antibody due to _________ infection, terminal __________ ____________, relative/absolute lack of __________, or failure of test system -> retest via ______
Early, immune collapse, antibody, PCR
FeLV & FIV: Because of their anti-inflammatory action, which drugs are useful in these cats?
Corticosteroids
Ex. Prednisolone
Cat flu: This disease is most often caused by which two viruses? (full names)
Feline herpesvirus-1, feline calicivirus
Cat flu: If a cat presents with corneal lesions, which viral causative agent should we suspect? (abbreviation)
FHV-1
Cat flu: To reach a definitive diagnosis, we can swab which two structures for PCR?
Eye, pharynx
FHV-1: Which amino acid can be given to treat this disease, and works by outcompeting arginine?
L-lysine
***cats must get non-medicated food at least once a day, as arginine is essential for them every single day!
FHV-1 & FCV: Method of spread = __________ over 1-2m
Aerosol
Cat flu: What is the mortality rate of VS-FCV? Death can occur in 4-9 days
> 50%
VS-FCV: Clinical signs of this disease include subcutaneous _________, ulcerative ____________, peripheral & systemic ____________, and coagulopathy
Edema, dermatitis, vasculitis
VS-FCV: Crowded, high-stress rescue centers with FCV allow for an increase in FCV ___________ -> many different _________, persistent infections, __________ infections
Biodiversity, strains, multiple
FIP: Prevalence in multicat households is _____________, death in multicat households is ____________
Common, uncommon
FIP: Pathogenesis - _______ infection -> replication in __________ & _____________ -> lives in _____________ -> ____________ infection -> _____________ dissemination -> FIP = _____ __________ FCoV replicating within _____________
Oral, pharynx, intestines, enterocytes, systemic, widespread, 2x mutated, macrophages
FIP: Factors affecting response to FCoV - 1. Viral __________ -> Cyprus 2. Dose of virus -> ___________ spread 3. Age -> most sick are __________ 4. Genetics -> most sick are pedigree 5. Sex -> most sick are _______
Strain, orofecal, young, male
FIP: Wet/effusive form tends to be acute & progresses __________. Presents with accumulation of ______ __________ __________ in body cavities, inflammation of blood vessels
Rapidly, high protein fluid
FIP: Dry/non-effusive form is usually more _________, vague & insidious. Has variable signs, often affecting the ______ (uveitis/color change), and the ______ (ataxia, seizures)
Chronic, eye, CNS
FIP: Diagnosing this disease is generally by proving a _______ viral load in ___________ (cell type), usually by sampling effusions and using qualitative RT-PCR
High, macrophages
FIP: Peritoneal or pleural fluid analysis shows _______ protein, _______ cell count, with ___________ & ____________ (cell types), and high AGP
High, low, neutrophils, macrophages
FIP: What kind of PCR should we use for the diagnosis of this disease? It should be used alongside which other diagnostic aid?
Quantitative, cytology
