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ICC pt 1 > INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1-3 ALL > Flashcards

INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1-3 ALL Flashcards

1
Q

What condition are cats at a 6x risk of due to vaccination?

A

Chronic kidney disease

This is due to antigens left that can cause autoantibodies to form.

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2
Q

In case of an adverse side effect from vaccination, which agency should be reported to?

A

Veterinary Medicines Directive

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3
Q

The first dose of which vaccine can cause immune-mediated polyarthritis in kittens?

A

Feline calicivirus (FCV)

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4
Q

FPV & FeLV provide solid immunity, but ______ & _______ vaccines only protect against clinical signs.

A

FHV-1, FCV

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5
Q

Which guidelines should we use: vaccine guidelines or datasheets?

A

Vaccine guidelines

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6
Q

List the 4 NON-CORE vaccines for cats.

A
  • Chlamydia felis
  • Bordetella bronchiseptica
  • FIV
  • FIP
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7
Q

Giving repeated doses of vaccines puts a cat at risk of damage to which organ?

A

Kidneys

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8
Q

Colostrum-deprived kittens should be started on vaccines around ___ weeks of age.

A

4

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9
Q

Vaccination should be through _________ vaccines or __________ __________ (unrelated mother cat plasma?).

A

killed, passive immunity

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10
Q

If maternally derived antibodies are strong, start kitten vaccination at >= ____ weeks.

A

16

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11
Q

Maternally derived antibodies can last to: FHV-1 = _______ weeks, FCV = _______ weeks, FPV = _______ weeks.

A

2-10, 10-14, 12-16+

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12
Q

Which 2 core feline vaccines should be given live?

A

FPV, FCV

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13
Q

Which core feline vaccine should be given killed?

A

FHV-1

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14
Q

For core vaccines, a healthy cat at low risk should receive a booster every ___ years.

A

3

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15
Q

Which 2 feline bacterial vaccines are only recommended when there is a proven problem in the cattery/household?

A
  • Chlamydia felis
  • Bordetella bronchiseptica
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16
Q

FPV: This virus is very stable, and can survive for over ___ __________ at room temperature in organic material.

A

1 year

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17
Q

Older kitten infections from FPV often involve __________ with a particular smell, and sometimes blood.

A

Diarrhea

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18
Q

Morbidity is high with FPV, with mortality varying from _________ (range, percentage).

A

25-75%

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19
Q

FIA: Which three organisms cause this disease?

A
  • Mycoplasma haemofelis
  • Mycoplasma turicensis
  • Mycoplasma haemominutum
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20
Q

FIA: Route of transmission is via saliva through _________ and ________.

A

biting, fleas

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21
Q

Which kind of test should be used for FIA?

A

PCR

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22
Q

FIA: This disease should be treated with which two antibiotics?

A
  • Doxycycline
  • Pradofloxacin
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23
Q

The immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in FIA should be treated with which drug?

A

Prednisolone

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24
Q

Prevalence of FeLV & FIV: sick cats = ______ (percentage), healthy cats = _____ (range, percentage).

A

15%, 1-5%

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25
Q

Horizontal transmission within households is more likely to occur with which virus?

A

FeLV

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26
Q

In general, what percentage of cats have: Progressive infection = _____, Regressive infection = _____, Abortive infection = _____?

A

30%, 30%, 30%

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27
Q

What type of FeLV infection is indicated by ELISA -, PCR -, NAb +?

A

Abortive

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28
Q

Which clinical sign is seen in 5-15% of FeLV+, and also seen in FIV+?

A

Neoplasia

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29
Q

FeLV can be associated with other disorders, the main two being ____________ ___________ and ________.

A

Hemorrhagic enteritis, uveitis

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30
Q

FIV: These animals should not be vaccinated because this virus lives in __________ ____ _______.

A

Memory T cells

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31
Q

Which drugs are useful in FeLV & FIV due to their anti-inflammatory action?

A

Corticosteroids

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32
Q

To determine when to biopsy an injection-site mass, we can use the 1-2-3 rule. What does the first rule state?

A

If the lump is growing 1 month after injection

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33
Q

The risk of which feline adverse side effect is greater in the US than in the UK?

A

Feline injection site sarcoma

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34
Q

The goal is to vaccinate _______ (more/less?) cats _______ (more/less?) frequently.

A

more, less

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35
Q

List the 5 CORE vaccines for cats.

A
  • Feline panleukopenia/parvo virus
  • Feline leukemia virus
  • Feline calicivirus
  • Feline herpesvirus-1
  • Rabies
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36
Q

Feline parvovirus (FPV) is also known as feline ___________?

A

Panleukopenia

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37
Q

Feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) is also known as feline ____________ _______?

A

Rhinotracheitis virus

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38
Q

It is recommended to start vaccinating kittens at _______ (range) weeks of age, and then again every _______ (range) weeks until 16 weeks.

A

8-12, 2-4

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39
Q

If using modified live vaccines for adults with lapsed/unknown vaccine history, how many doses are likely sufficient?

A

1

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40
Q

To prevent FISS, we should vaccinate cats: Rabies -> ____ ___________, FeLV -> ____ __________, Core -> ____________.

A

R hindlimb, L hindlimb, forelimb

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41
Q

Almost all that is true of Feline Panleukopenia Virus is also true of which virus?

A

Canine parvovirus

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42
Q

FPV: almost all cats will be exposed to this virus because it is ___________ in the environment and highly ___________.

A

ubiquitous, contagious

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43
Q

FPV: disease is most often seen in ____________ cats of _______ (range) months of age.

A

unvaccinated, 2-4

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44
Q

FPV: why is disease seen less often in kittens of <2 months of age?

A

Maternally derived antibodies

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45
Q

FPV: transmission occurs via the _____-__________ route, by ________ __________, and via ______________ contamination.

A

oro-fecal, direct contact, environmental

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46
Q

FPV: this virus replicates/has tropism for which type of cells?

A

Rapidly dividing cells

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47
Q

In addition to replicating in rapidly diving cells, FPV also replicates in the ______ (abbreviation) of unborn & neonatal kittens.

A

CNS

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48
Q

Early to mid-stage in utero infection with FPV can result in fetal _______, ___________, or ___________.

A
  • Death
  • Resorption
  • Abortion
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49
Q

Late-stage gestation or neonatal infection with FPV can result in profound & permanent suppression of the _________ system.

A

immune

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50
Q

FPV: Treatment relies on supportive care, including intensive __________ therapy, broad-spectrum ___________, and anti-emetics.

A

fluid, antibiotics

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51
Q

What does FIA stand for?

A

Feline infectious anemia

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52
Q

One of the most characteristic signs of FIA is what condition?

A

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia

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53
Q

The transmission of FeLV & FIV is via ________, especially through biting.

A

saliva

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54
Q

These viruses have a high prevalence in feral & farm cats, especially in entire _______ (males/females?) that fight frequently.

A

males

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55
Q

Which of these viruses can never be cleared?

A

FIV

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56
Q

Which of these viruses can be cleared at multiple points in its infective cycle?

A

FeLV

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57
Q

What type of FeLV infection is indicated by ELISA +, PCR +/-?

A

Regressive

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58
Q

What type of FeLV infection is indicated by ELISA +, PCR +?

A

Progressive

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59
Q

What type of FeLV infection is indicated by ELISA -, PCR -?

A

Abortive

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60
Q

What is the major presentation in FIV+ cats, and in 50% of FeLV+ cats?

A

Immunosuppression

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61
Q

Which clinical sign occurs in 25% of FeLV+ cats?

A

Anemia

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62
Q

Diagnosis of FeLV is via detection of virus ____________.

A

antigen

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63
Q

Diagnosis of FIV is via detection of virus ____________.

A

antibody

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64
Q

Confirmation testing for FeLV is completed using which method?

A

PCR

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65
Q

In healthy cats, an ELISA + result for FeLV is _____________ (reliable/unreliable?).

A

unreliable

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66
Q

In sick cats, an ELISA + result for FeLV is _____________ (reliable/unreliable?).

A

reliable

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67
Q

Confirmation testing for FIV is completed using which method?

A

PCR

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68
Q

Kittens under 6 months of age might test positive for antibodies because of ____________ __________ _____________, via FIV+ queen.

A

maternally derived antibodies

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69
Q

Up to 20% of FIV-infected cats do not have detectable antibody due to _________ infection, terminal __________ ____________, or failure of test system.

A

early, immune collapse

70
Q

What is the median survival time of FeLV + cats?

71
Q

What is the median survival time of FIV + cats?

72
Q

Vaccines are only available for which of these viral diseases in the UK?

73
Q

Infected cats should not be allowed outdoors from the periods of ________ til ________ to prevent fights.

A

dusk, dawn

74
Q

Longterm management of FeLV & FIV cats focuses on reducing the risk of ___________ to others.

A

transmission

75
Q

If antibiotics are given, should we use bactericidal or bacteriostatic drugs?

A

Bactericidal

76
Q

Name the two main retroviruses that infect cats.

A
  • Feline leukemia virus
  • Feline immunodeficiency virus
77
Q

Cat flu: This disease is most often caused by which two viruses?

A
  • Feline herpesvirus-1
  • Feline calicivirus
78
Q

If a cat presents with tongue ulceration, which causative agent should we suspect?

79
Q

If a cat presents with corneal lesions, which causative agent should we suspect?

80
Q

Which viral agent causes limping syndrome?

81
Q

Which viral agent causes vasculitis & jaundice?

A

Virulent systemic FCV

82
Q

Are flu-like symptoms in cats often caused by a single agent or multiple agents?

83
Q

Which bacterial agent causes symptoms in the eyes only?

A

Chlamydia felis

84
Q

In diagnosing the causative agent of cat flu, we should ask about age, vaccination, and __________ history.

85
Q

To reach a definitive diagnosis, we can swab which two structures for PCR?

A
  • Eye
  • Pharynx
86
Q

Do we always need to know the exact causative agent for cat flu?

87
Q

Treatment of cat flu generally involves the use of ____________ (ex. amoxiclav).

A

antibiotics

88
Q

If we must place a feeding tube in cat flu patients, we should avoid placing a tube through the _________ region.

89
Q

Cats with FHV-1 infections often experience tear-film deficiencies and should be treated with what?

A

Hyaluronic acid

90
Q

Which immune-modulating compound can be used to treat cat flu patients?

91
Q

The modified live vaccine for FHV-1/FCV available in the states utilizes which route of administration?

A

Intranasal

92
Q

Which drug can be used to treat FHV-1 but is expensive and bitter?

A

Famciclovir

93
Q

Which amino acid can be given to treat FHV-1 by outcompeting arginine?

94
Q

Which drug may be the drug of choice when treating FHV-1?

A

Polyprenyl immunostimulant

95
Q

If giving eye drops for FHV-1, which drug is easier to use and non-irritating?

96
Q

Method of spread for FHV-1 & FCV is __________ over 1-2m.

97
Q

How long does FHV-1 survive in the environment?

98
Q

Which drug may be the drug of choice when treating FHV-1?

A

Cidofovir

Cidofovir works to boost the immune response.

99
Q

If giving eye drops for FHV-1, which drug is easier to use and non-irritating?

A

Trifluorothymidine or Cidofovir

100
Q

FHV-1 & FCV: Method of spread = __________ over 1-2m

101
Q

FHV-1 & FCV: How long does FHV-1 survive in the environment?

102
Q

FHV-1 & FCV: How long does FCV survive in the environment? (range)

103
Q

What is the mortality rate of VS-FCV?

A

> 50%

Death can occur in 4-9 days.

104
Q

VS-FCV: Clinical signs of this disease include subcutaneous _________, ulcerative ____________, peripheral & systemic ____________, and coagulopathy.

A

Edema, dermatitis, vasculitis

105
Q

VS-FCV: This disease occurs when a cat from a __________ _________ comes into contact with a new population/individual.

A

Rescue center

106
Q

VS-FCV: Crowded, high-stress rescue centers with FCV allow for an increase in FCV __________.

A

Biodiversity

107
Q

VS-FCV: Crowded, high-stress rescue centers with FCV allow for many different _________, persistent infections, __________ infections.

A

Strains, multiple

108
Q

VS-FCV: Crowded, high-stress rescue centers allow for new FCV strains to mutate leading to higher pathogenicity and altered cell tropism. When these strains enter a new population, they are called __________.

109
Q

What is the ideal treatment for VS-FCV cases?

A

High dose interferon, antibiotics

110
Q

Does the routine FCV vaccination protect against VS-FCV?

111
Q

FIP: FIP is caused by what kind of virus?

A

Feline coronavirus

112
Q

FIP: Prevalence in multicat households is _____________, death in multicat households is ____________.

A

Common, uncommon

113
Q

FIP: Pathogenesis involves infection of _______ followed by replication in _________ & _____________ leading to systemic infection.

A

Enterocytes, macrophages

114
Q

FIP: The original coronavirus lives in ___________ (cell type), while the twice mutated FIP virus replicates in _____________ (cell type).

A

Enterocytes, macrophages

115
Q

FIP: Lesions caused by the mutated virus replicating inside macrophages are described as __________.

A

Granulomatous

116
Q

FIP: FCoV infection with good cell-mediated immunity results in what outcome?

A

Clinically healthy

117
Q

FIP: FCoV infection with partial cell-mediated immunity results in what outcome?

A

Non-effusive FIP

118
Q

FIP: FCoV infection with weak cell-mediated immunity results in what outcome?

A

Effusive FIP

119
Q

Factors affecting response to FCoV include: 1. Viral __________, 2. Dose of virus, 3. Age, 4. Genetics, 5. Sex.

120
Q

FIP: What is the main concern with the Cyprus strain of FIP?

A

Direct transmission

121
Q

FIP: The wet/effusive form tends to be acute and progresses __________.

122
Q

FIP: The dry/non-effusive form is usually more _________, vague & insidious.

123
Q

FIP: Diagnosis generally involves proving a _______ viral load in ___________ (cell type).

A

High, macrophages

124
Q

FIP: Serum biochemistry often shows an A:G ratio of ______, with __________ globulin levels, and __________ alpha 1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) levels.

A

<0.4, increased, increased

125
Q

FIP: Peritoneal or pleural fluid analysis shows _______ protein, _______ cell count, with ___________ & ____________ (cell types).

A

High, low, neutrophils, macrophages

126
Q

FIP: Fluid analysis via fine needle aspirate can be done using which two diagnostic aids?

A

Immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry

127
Q

What kind of PCR should be used for the diagnosis of FIP?

A

Quantitative

It should be used alongside cytology.

128
Q

FIP: The Idexx FIP PCR test detects viruses with mutated ___ genes.

129
Q

FIP: Diagnosis - fluid will be _________ (color), __________ (texture), high protein, low cells, and cells will be ______ __________ neutrophils and _______________.

A

Yellow, viscous, non-toxic, macrophages

130
Q

FIP: Which two adjunct treatments have the best efficacy?

A

Polyprenyl immunostimulant, mefloquine

131
Q

FIP: Which antiviral prodrug has 85-90% success?

A

Remdesivir

Initially IV if severe, then liquid formulation.

132
Q

FIP: Which antiviral can be used to treat these cases, with the same efficacy as remdesivir?

A

Molnupiravir

133
Q

What tear mucin replacement should be used for cats with FHV-1 infections experiencing tear-film deficiencies?

A

Hyaluronic acid

134
Q

Which immune-modulating compound can be used to treat cats with cat flu?

135
Q

What is the route of administration for the modified live vaccine for FHV-1/FCV available in the states?

A

Intranasal

Offers nonspecific nasal mucosa protection

136
Q

Which drug can be used to treat FHV-1 but is expensive and bitter?

A

Famciclovir

137
Q

Which amino acid can be given to treat FHV-1 by outcompeting arginine?

A

L-lysine

Cats must get non-medicated food at least once a day, as arginine is essential for them every single day!

138
Q

Which drug may be the drug of choice when treating FHV-1?

A

Polyprenyl immunostimulant

Works to boost the immune response

139
Q

If giving eye drops for FHV-1, which drug is easier to use and non-irritating?

140
Q

What is the method of spread for FHV-1 & FCV?

141
Q

How long does FHV-1 survive in the environment?

142
Q

How long does FCV survive in the environment?

143
Q

What is the mortality rate of VS-FCV?

A

> 50%

Death can occur in 4-9 days

144
Q

What are the clinical signs of VS-FCV?

A

Edema, dermatitis, vasculitis

145
Q

Where does VS-FCV occur when a cat from a rescue center comes into contact with a new population?

A

Epidemiology

146
Q

What allows for an increase in FCV strains in crowded, high-stress rescue centers?

A

Biodiversity, strains, multiple

147
Q

What happens when new FCV strains enter a new population?

148
Q

What is the ideal treatment for VS-FCV cases?

A

High dose interferon, antibiotics

149
Q

Does the routine FCV vaccination protect against VS-FCV?

150
Q

What kind of virus causes FIP?

A

Feline coronavirus

151
Q

What is the prevalence of FIP in multicat households?

A

Common, uncommon

152
Q

What is the pathogenesis of FIP?

A

FCoV infection -> replication in enterocytes & macrophages -> lives in systemic -> widespread infection -> FIP = 2x mutated FCoV replicating within macrophages

153
Q

Which cell type does the original coronavirus live in?

A

Enterocytes

154
Q

Which cell type does the twice mutated FIP virus replicate in?

A

Macrophages

155
Q

How do we describe lesions from FIP?

A

Granulomatous

156
Q

What is the outcome of good cell-mediated immunity after FCoV infection?

A

Clinically healthy

157
Q

What is the outcome of partial cell-mediated immunity after FCoV infection?

A

Non-effusive FIP

158
Q

What is the outcome of weak cell-mediated immunity after FCoV infection?

A

Effusive FIP

159
Q

What factors affect response to FCoV?

A

Strain, orofecal, young, male

160
Q

What is the main concern with the Cyprus strain of FIP?

A

Direct transmission

161
Q

How does the wet/effusive form of FIP progress?

A

Rapidly

Presents with accumulation of high protein fluid in body cavities, inflammation of blood vessels

162
Q

How is the dry/non-effusive form of FIP characterized?

A

Chronic, vague & insidious

163
Q

What cell type is diagnosed in FIP with a high viral load?

A

Macrophages

164
Q

What should the A:G ratio show in serum biochemistry for FIP?

A

<0.4, increased, increased

165
Q

What does peritoneal or pleural fluid analysis show in FIP?

A

High protein, low cell count, with neutrophils & macrophages

166
Q

Which two diagnostic aids can confirm FIP via fluid analysis?

A

Immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry

167
Q

What kind of PCR should be used for the diagnosis of FIP?

A

Quantitative

It should be used alongside cytology

168
Q

What does the Idexx FIP PCR test detect?

A

Viruses with mutated S genes

169
Q

What is the appearance of fluid in FIP diagnosis?

A

Yellow, viscous, non-toxic

170
Q

Which two adjunct treatments have the best efficacy for FIP?

A

Polyprenyl immunostimulant, mefloquine

171
Q

Which antiviral prodrug has 85-90% success in treating FIP?

A

Remdesivir

Initially IV if severe, then liquid formulation

172
Q

Which antiviral can be used to treat FIP with the same efficacy as remdesivir?

A

Molnupiravir

ICC pt 1 (18 decks)

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