Urological Cancers

Question 1

How does localised renal cell carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma present?

Answer 1

Haematuria or incidental finding on imaging

Question 2

Name an advanced symptom of RCC

Answer 2

Hypercalaemia, weight loss, pulmonary/tumour embolus, varicocele

Question 3

Name an advanced symptom of TCC

Answer 3

Weight loss, DVT, lymphodema

Question 4

Other than cancer, what are some differential diagnoses of haematuria?

Answer 4

Stones, infection, inflammation, BPH

Question 5

Where can RCC spread to?

Answer 5

Lymph nodes, perinephric or IVC to the right atrium

Question 6

What is the treatment for localised RCC?

Answer 6

Surveillance, Excison or ablation

Question 7

What is the treatment for metastatic RCC?

Answer 7

Palliative

Question 8

What is the initial definitive treatment for bladder TCC?

Answer 8

Resection of the tumour via the urethra (TURBT)

Question 9

What is the standard treatment of an upper urinary tract TCC?

Answer 9

Nephro-ureterectomy (kidney, fat, ureter and cuff of bladder removed)

Question 10

What is the treatment for Metastatic TCC?

Answer 10

Systemic chemotherapy or immunotherapy

Question 11

What are the risk factors for prostate cancer?

Answer 11

Age, Family history, BRCA2 gene mutation and ethnicity

Question 12

How does prostate cancer present?

Answer 12

Urinary symptoms, bone pain DRE for another reason

Question 13

What is the treatment for localised prostate cancer?

Answer 13

Surveillance, robotic radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy

Question 14

What is the treatment for locally advanced prostate cancer?

Answer 14

Hormones and radiotherapy

Question 15

What is the treatment for metastatic prostate cancer?

Answer 15

Hormones, possible chemotherapy and palliation