Anatomy

Question 1

Which vertebrae is level with the hilum of the kidney?

Answer 1

L1

Question 2

Which boney structure is at the level where the ureter kinks to enter the bladder?

Answer 2

Ischial spine

Question 3

What is the average size of a kidney?

Answer 3

6-7cm wide, 9-14cm height, 170-210g weight

Question 4

Where do the kidneys sit in the abdomen?

Answer 4

Retroperitoneal space

Question 5

Which vertebrae line up with the kidneys?

Answer 5

upper pole T12, lower pole L3 ( Right sits slightly lower due to liver)

Question 6

Where is the pararenal fat?

Answer 6

Outside the renal fascia

Question 7

Where is the perirenal fat?

Answer 7

surrounding the kidney inside the renal fascia

Question 8

How long is the ureter?

Answer 8

25-30cm

Question 9

What are the 3 main segments of the ureter?

Answer 9

Abdominal, pelvic, intramural

Question 10

Where is the most common area for ureteric injury?

Answer 10

Pelvic brim

Question 11

How long is the intramural part of the ureter?

Answer 11

1.2-2.5cm

Question 12

What is the lumen of the ureter coated with?

Answer 12

Urothelium (lines bladder and pelvis of kidney as well)

Question 13

Name the smooth muscle in the wall of the bladder

Answer 13

Detrusor muscle

Question 14

Can you palpate an empty bladder?

Answer 14

No

Question 15

Which 3 points form the trigone?

Answer 15

2 internal ureteric orifices, internal urethral meatus

Question 16

What is the external urogenital diaphragm responsible for?

Answer 16

Continence

Question 17

What happens to the internal urinary sphincter during ejaculation?

Answer 17

Sympathetic innervation causes it to contract

Question 18

What is the path of urine from the medulla of the kidney?

Answer 18

Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter

Question 19

What are the two main types of nephron?

Answer 19

Cortical, small 90% & Juxtamedullary, big 10%

Question 20

Why are the kidneys vulnerable to ischaemic damage?

Answer 20

They take 22% of cardiac output, require a large blood supply

Question 21

Which kidney is preferable for transplant?

Answer 21

Left due to long connecting vessels ( left renal vein lies over aorta)

Question 22

What are the divisions for the renal artery?

Answer 22

Renal artery, segmental artery, Interlobar artery, arcuate artery, Interlobular (in cortex), Glomerular arteriole (afferent)