Urolithiasis Flashcards
Which of the following is false.
A. Crystalluria does NOT always mean urolithiasis.
B. Crystalluria does mean urine has been supersaturated.
C. Crystals may form in stored urine.
D. Normal history for animal with urolithiasis is straining to pee, peeing frequently, pain associated with peeing, blood in pee.
They’re all true!
T/F It is better to do a cystOTOMY on a male dog instead of a cystoSCOPY.
Dats true
For voiding urohydropropulsion, what is the maximum urolith size for male and female cats?
male cats
For voiding urohydropropulsion, what is the maximum urolith size for male and female dogs?
male dog
What is the most common crystal?
Struvite Calcium oxalate Cystine Urate Silicate Mixed/compound
Calcium oxalate!
What’s another name for Struvites?
Magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate
What part of the urinary tract do struvites mainly occur in?
mainly lower urinary tract
T/F Struvites are commonly related to UTIs in dogs.
True
What kind of bacteria are associated with struvite formation?
urease producing bacteria (NH3)
What kind of pH do struvite crystals form in?
high urine pH . . . basic af
What breeds of dogs are prone to struvite development?
- Schnauzer
- Shih zhu
- Bichons
- miniature Poodles
- Cocker Spaniels
- Lhasa Apso
What do struvites look like?
Big, smooth, radio dense but not as dense as CaOx
How do we tx struvites?
Dietary! Don’t need sx.
Infection: antimicrobials during calculolytic diets
Hills s/d for avg time of 3 mos
What diets prevent struvite formation?
Hills c/d and Walthams S/O
What is the risk of we need to be aware of with regards to putting animals on struvite preventative diets?
we can induce CaOx calculi
What species and sex are CaOx more common in?
male dogs
What are some predispositions for CaOx formation?
- acidifying diets
- obesity
- male dogs
- hypercalciuria
- breeds
What do CaOx look like?!
Spiny, rarely cause obstruction, very radio dense given their size
How do we tx CaOx?
- Therapy for hypercalcemia
2. Have to be surgically removed, lithotripsy, cytoscopy
How do we prevent CaOx formation?
- Diet PLUS water: Hills u/d (contains potassium citrate); Walthams S/O
- Thiazide diuretics -hydrochlorothiazide
- Potassium citrate
- Avoid vitamins C & D!
If an animal has hepatic disease, what crystals should we be worried about?
Ammonium urate crystals
Why do ammonium irate and xanthine crystals form?
Form d/t genetic tubular defect; decreased uptake of uric acid from hepatocytes to form allantoin
What breeds are predisposed to ammonium urate and xanthine crystal formation?
Dalmations & Black Russian Terrier
What are some predisposing factors for development of ammonium urate and xanthine crystal formation?
dey love:
- male dogs
- lower urine pH
Can we see ammonium irate or xanthine crystals on radiographs?
Nah! They’re radiolucent!
What diet should we prescribe for urate therapy?
Dissolution Diet
- low protein (u/d)
- increased pH
- potassium citrate
- sodium bicarbonate
What breed do we use xanthine oxidase inhibitors in?
Dalmations!
How do xanthine oxidase inhibitors work?
Allopurinol, decreases uric acid production so makes environment more basic which is good shit because an acidic environment is what Ammonium urate crystals like.
Use together with low purine diet to prevent xanthine urolithiasis
What breeds are predisposed to Cystine calculi?
- Australian cattle dogs
- Dachschunds
- Newfoundland
- Bulldogs
Why do Cystine calculi form?
Tubular carrier proteins to reabsorb cystine are defective
How do we tx Cystine calculi?
alkalinize urine and low protein (u/d) diet but DCM risk in large breed dogs
What drugs have the following risks when used to tx Cystine calculi?
Behavioral aggression Myopathy Anemia Proteinuria Thrombocytopenia Elevations in liver enzymes Dermatological changes
Thiol drugz
Calcium phosphate uroliths are typically secondary to . . .
primary hyperparathyroidism
What kinda diet is associated with Silica uroliths ?
Plant sources, poor diets rich in rice and soybean husks, cheap diets devoid of proper protein
