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SAM II > Urolithiasis > Flashcards

Urolithiasis Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is false.

A. Crystalluria does NOT always mean urolithiasis.
B. Crystalluria does mean urine has been supersaturated.
C. Crystals may form in stored urine.
D. Normal history for animal with urolithiasis is straining to pee, peeing frequently, pain associated with peeing, blood in pee.

A

They’re all true!

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2
Q

T/F It is better to do a cystOTOMY on a male dog instead of a cystoSCOPY.

A

Dats true

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3
Q

For voiding urohydropropulsion, what is the maximum urolith size for male and female cats?

A

male cats

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4
Q

For voiding urohydropropulsion, what is the maximum urolith size for male and female dogs?

A

male dog

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5
Q

What is the most common crystal?

Struvite
Calcium oxalate
Cystine
Urate
Silicate
Mixed/compound
A

Calcium oxalate!

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6
Q

What’s another name for Struvites?

A

Magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate

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7
Q

What part of the urinary tract do struvites mainly occur in?

A

mainly lower urinary tract

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8
Q

T/F Struvites are commonly related to UTIs in dogs.

A

True

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9
Q

What kind of bacteria are associated with struvite formation?

A

urease producing bacteria (NH3)

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10
Q

What kind of pH do struvite crystals form in?

A

high urine pH . . . basic af

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11
Q

What breeds of dogs are prone to struvite development?

A
  1. Schnauzer
  2. Shih zhu
  3. Bichons
  4. miniature Poodles
  5. Cocker Spaniels
  6. Lhasa Apso
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12
Q

What do struvites look like?

A

Big, smooth, radio dense but not as dense as CaOx

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13
Q

How do we tx struvites?

A

Dietary! Don’t need sx.
Infection: antimicrobials during calculolytic diets
Hills s/d for avg time of 3 mos

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14
Q

What diets prevent struvite formation?

A

Hills c/d and Walthams S/O

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15
Q

What is the risk of we need to be aware of with regards to putting animals on struvite preventative diets?

A

we can induce CaOx calculi

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16
Q

What species and sex are CaOx more common in?

A

male dogs

17
Q

What are some predispositions for CaOx formation?

A
  1. acidifying diets
  2. obesity
  3. male dogs
  4. hypercalciuria
  5. breeds
18
Q

What do CaOx look like?!

A

Spiny, rarely cause obstruction, very radio dense given their size

19
Q

How do we tx CaOx?

A
  1. Therapy for hypercalcemia

2. Have to be surgically removed, lithotripsy, cytoscopy

20
Q

How do we prevent CaOx formation?

A
  1. Diet PLUS water: Hills u/d (contains potassium citrate); Walthams S/O
  2. Thiazide diuretics -hydrochlorothiazide
  3. Potassium citrate
  4. Avoid vitamins C & D!
21
Q

If an animal has hepatic disease, what crystals should we be worried about?

A

Ammonium urate crystals

22
Q

Why do ammonium irate and xanthine crystals form?

A

Form d/t genetic tubular defect; decreased uptake of uric acid from hepatocytes to form allantoin

23
Q

What breeds are predisposed to ammonium urate and xanthine crystal formation?

A

Dalmations & Black Russian Terrier

24
Q

What are some predisposing factors for development of ammonium urate and xanthine crystal formation?

A

dey love:

  1. male dogs
  2. lower urine pH
25
Q

Can we see ammonium irate or xanthine crystals on radiographs?

A

Nah! They’re radiolucent!

26
Q

What diet should we prescribe for urate therapy?

A

Dissolution Diet

- low protein (u/d)
- increased pH 
       - potassium citrate
       - sodium bicarbonate
27
Q

What breed do we use xanthine oxidase inhibitors in?

A

Dalmations!

28
Q

How do xanthine oxidase inhibitors work?

A

Allopurinol, decreases uric acid production so makes environment more basic which is good shit because an acidic environment is what Ammonium urate crystals like.

Use together with low purine diet to prevent xanthine urolithiasis

29
Q

What breeds are predisposed to Cystine calculi?

A
  1. Australian cattle dogs
  2. Dachschunds
  3. Newfoundland
  4. Bulldogs
30
Q

Why do Cystine calculi form?

A

Tubular carrier proteins to reabsorb cystine are defective

31
Q

How do we tx Cystine calculi?

A

alkalinize urine and low protein (u/d) diet but DCM risk in large breed dogs

32
Q

What drugs have the following risks when used to tx Cystine calculi?

Behavioral aggression
Myopathy
Anemia
Proteinuria
Thrombocytopenia
Elevations in liver enzymes
Dermatological changes
A

Thiol drugz

33
Q

Calcium phosphate uroliths are typically secondary to . . .

A

primary hyperparathyroidism

34
Q

What kinda diet is associated with Silica uroliths ?

A

Plant sources, poor diets rich in rice and soybean husks, cheap diets devoid of proper protein

SAM II (20 decks)

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