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Human Embryology > Urogenital System > Flashcards

Urogenital System Flashcards

1
Q

2 parts of the urogenital system

A

urinary and genital systems

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2
Q

what does the urogenital system develop from

A

the intermediate mesoderm which forms a longitudinal urogenital ridge

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3
Q

Urinary system constituents

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, nephrons

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4
Q

Kidneys

A

produce urine

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5
Q

Ureters

A

Convey urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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6
Q

bladder

A

stores urine

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7
Q

Urethra

A

excrete urine from the bladder

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8
Q

Nephrons

A

functional units of the kidney

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9
Q

Pronephroi

A
  • rudimentary and non-functional
  • appear in early week 4 as sedmentally arranged cell and tubular structures in the cervical region of the mesoderm
  • Ducts run caudally and open into the cloaca
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10
Q

Mesonephroi

A
  • Function for a short time
  • Appear in late week 4
  • Arise from cell clusters which form vesicles then tubules
  • Tubules contact pronephric duct which now becomes the mesonephric duc
  • Degenerate at the end of the first trimester, tubules become the efferent ductules of the testes
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11
Q

Mesonephrc Kidneys

A

Consist of glomeruli and tubules. Mesonephric tubules open into bilateral mesonephric ducts which open into the cloaca.

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12
Q

Metanephroi

A
  • Permanent kidneys
  • Develop week 5, function week 10
  • produce urine and excretes it into the amniotic fluid, fetus drinks amniotic fluid ad wastes are absorbed and released via. the placenta
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13
Q

What do the metanephroi develop from

A

metanephric diverticulum and metanephric blastema

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14
Q

Metanephric diverticulum

A

begins as an outgrowth from the mesonephric duct near the cloaca
- gives rise to the ureter (stalk), renal pelvis, major and minor callices, collecting ducts and tubules (cranial portion)

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15
Q

Metanephric blastema

A
  • located in the caudal part of the nephrogenic cord

- as collecting tubules form, they induce the mesoderm to form clusters, vesicles, tubules, nephrons

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16
Q

First generation tubules (nephroi)

A

four tubules, become confluent and form major callices

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17
Q

Second generation tubules (nephroi)

A

Coalesce and form minor calices

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18
Q

what invaginates the proximal ends of metanephric tubules

A

glomeruli

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19
Q

Reciprocal inductive influence

A

When differentiation of both primordia depends on inductive signals from the other
- ex. metanephric diverticulum and mesoderm have reciprocal inductive influence

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20
Q

Examples of reciprocal induction

A
  • Branching of the metanephric dverticulum is dependent on induction by the metanephric mesenchyme
  • Differentiation of the nephrons depends on induction by the collecting tubules
  • Metanephric diverticulum and the netanephrogenic blastem interact and induce eachother to form the permanent kidneys
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21
Q

Formation of uriniferous tubules

A

Metanephric tubules become continuous with the collecting tubules and for uriniferous tubules

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22
Q

Uriniferous tubules constituents

A

Consists of two embryologically different parts

  • a nephron derived from the metanephrogenic blastema
  • a collecting tubule derived from the metanephric diverticulum
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23
Q

How common are variations in arterial supply to kidneys

A

25%

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24
Q

When do definitive renal arteries appear

A

Week 9

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25
Q

Abnormalities of kidneys and ureters

A

Renal agenesis, Ectopic kidneys, horseshoe kdney, duplications of upper urinary tract
- occur in 3-4%

26
Q

Renal agenesis

A

Unilateral or bilateral kidneys

27
Q

Ectopic kidneys

A

Kidneys sit in abnormal position

28
Q

Horseshoe kidney

A

Inferior poles are fused

29
Q

What divides the cloaca

A

Urorectal septum divides it into dorsal rectum and ventral urogenital sinus

30
Q

What are the bladder and urethra derived from

A

Urogenital sinus and adjacent mesoderm

31
Q

Exstrophy of bladder

A

results from failure of mesoderm to migrate and improper formation of anterior abdominal wall

32
Q

Inastomosis

A

Fusion of blood vessels

33
Q

When is genetic sex determined

A

At the time of fertilization, depending on the type of sperm that fertilizes the oocyte

34
Q

what is the initial period of genital development called

A

Indifferent stage of sexual development

35
Q

Gonads

A

Testes and ovaries

36
Q

Where are the gonads derived from

A
  • Mesothelium lining the posterior abdominal wall
  • Underlying mesenchyme
  • Primordial germ cells
37
Q

What differentiates into an ovary

A

the cortex of the indifferent gonad

38
Q

What differentiates into testis

A

The medulla of the indifferent gonad

39
Q

What occurs when the medulla of the indifferent gonad differentiates

A

The cortex regresses, except for vestigial remnants

40
Q

Primordial germ cells

A
  • Large spherical sex cells, visible early n the fourth week
  • Endodermal cells of the umbilical vesicle near the allantois
  • Migrate along the dorsal mesentery of the hindgut to the gonadal ridges
41
Q

What occurs to the primordial germ cells in week 6

A

They enter the underlying mesenchyme and are incorporated in the gonadal cords

42
Q

What regulates primordial germ cell migration

A

the genes stella, fragilis, and BMP-4

43
Q

TDF

A

Testes-determining factor, an SRY gene product localized in the Y chromosome that determines testicular differentiation

44
Q

What occurs in the presence of TDF

A

Gonadal sex cords become seminiferous tubules (with the involvement of SOX9 and FGF9), tubuli recti and rete testes as they branch and anastomose

45
Q

What do the walls of seminiferous tubules incluse

A
  • Spermatogonia derived from primordial germ cells

- Sertoli cells derived from surface mesothelium

46
Q

Leydig

A

Interstitial cells, derived from mesoderm that lie between seminiferous tubules.
- begin to secrete testosterone in week 8 which influences development of indifferent ducts and external genitalia

47
Q

Development of an ovary from the indifferent gonad

A

gonadal sex cords degenerate, cortical cords for and incorporate primordial germ cells, break up into clusters to form primordial follicles

48
Q

Indifferent duct system

A

mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts (lateral)

49
Q

Uterovaginal primordium

A

cranial ends of paramesonephric ducts open into the peritoneal cavity and the caudal ends are fused

50
Q

Paramesonephric inhibiting hormone

A

Produced by testes in sertoli cells, inhibits the development of paramesonephric ducts
- Females don’t have this, paramesonephric ducts develop and mesonephric ducts regress

51
Q

What does the mesonephric duct give rise to

A

Epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct

52
Q

Efferent ductules

A

male genitalia ducts, formed from mesonephric tubules

53
Q

Development of female genital ducts from indifferent ducts

A

Mesonephric ducts regress, cranial ends of paramesonephric ducts form uterine tubes, caudal fused portion forms uterovaginal primordium which gives rise to epithelium and glands of the uterus and superior portion of vagina. Remainder of the wall develops from mesoderm

54
Q

When do external genitalia begin to develop

55
Q

What are the indifferent external genitalia

A

Genital tubercle, labioscrotal swellings, urogenital folds

56
Q

Development of male external genitalia

A

Testosterone results in masculinization of indifferent external genitalia, phallus elongates to become the glans penis, urogenital folds fuse to form penile urethra, corpora cavernosa and sponsgiosum develop from mesoderm of penis, labioscrotal sweelings fuse to form the scrotum

57
Q

Development of female external genitalia

A

Absence of testosterone results in little change, phallus becomes clitoris, urogenital folds become labia minora, labioscrotal swellings become labia majora

58
Q

SRY

A

Sex determining region on the Y-chromosome

59
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Derives from epithelium, serve as cells for sperm and produce antimullerian hormone

60
Q

AMH

A

Antimullerian hormone

Human Embryology (9 decks)

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