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Human Embryology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

3 parts of the nervous system

A

Central, peripheral, autonomic

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2
Q

Nervous system parts

A

Central, peripheral, autonomic

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3
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system, includes the bran and spinal cord

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4
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system, includes neurons outside the CNS and cranial and spinal nerves that connect the bran and spinal cord with peripheral structures

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5
Q

ANS

A

Autonomic nervous system, includes parts in both the CNS & PNS and consists of neurons that innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glandular epithelium

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6
Q

What does the neural tube differentiate into

A

CNS

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7
Q

Origin of the nervous system

A

Develpoes from the neural plate, notochord and paraxial mesenchyme induce the overlying ectoderm to differentiate the neural plate

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8
Q

Nervous system signalling molecules

A

TGFB famly, SHH, BMPs

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9
Q

Prmary bran vescles

A

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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10
Q

Prosencephalon

A

Forebrain

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11
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Mid brain

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12
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

Hind brain

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13
Q

Secondary brain vesicles

A

Telecephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

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14
Q

Adult derivatives of secondary brain vesicles

A

Cerebrum, thalami, midbrain, pons, cerebellum, medulla

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15
Q

Cervical flexure

A

demarcates the hindbrain from the spinal cord

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16
Q

Pontine flexure

A

divides the hindbrain into caudal and rostral

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17
Q

Medulla regions

A

caudal closed and rostral open

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18
Q

What occurs when the myelencephalon migrate into the marginal zone

A

Isolated areas of grey matter are formed - gracile nuclei and cuneate nuclei

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19
Q

What do the neuroblasts of the alar plate form

A

Discrete nuclei

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20
Q

Four columns of neuroblasts in the alar plate

A

Medial - Lateral:

General visceral afferent, special visceral afferent, general somatic afferent, special somatic afferent

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21
Q

General somatic afferent

A

Receives impulses from the surface of the head

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22
Q

Special somatic afferent

A

Receives impulses from the ear

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23
Q

General visceral afferent

A

Receives impulses from the viscera

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24
Q

Special visceral afferent

A

Receives taste fibres

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25
Q

Three columns of neuroblasts in the basal plates

A

Medial - Lateral:

General somatic efferent, special visceral efferent, general visceral efferent

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26
Q

General somatic efferent

A

Represented by neutrons of the hypoglossal nerve

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27
Q

Special visceral efferent

A

Represented by neutrons inner sting muscles derived from the pharyngeal arches

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28
Q

General visceral efferent

A

Represented by some neurons of the vagus and glosses - pharyngeal nerves

29
Q

Pia matter

A

Covers the thin ependymal roof of the fourth ventricle

30
Q

Tela Choroidea

A

Formed b the pia matter and teh ependymal roof of the fourth ventricle

31
Q

Why does the tela choroidea invaginate

A

Rapid proliferation of the pia matter

32
Q

Choroid plexus derivative

A

Vascular fluid, which becomes CSF

33
Q

Superior and inferior colliculi

A

Formed by the neuroblasts of the alar plate, involved in visual and auditory reflexes

34
Q

Cerebral penduncles

A

Ventral aspect of the nuclei formed by the neuroblasts of the basal plate, They’re fibre tracts from the cerebrum

35
Q

Neural canal derivative (mesencephalon)

A

Cerebral aqueduct

36
Q

Neural canal derivative (diencephalon)

A

Third ventricle

37
Q

Where does the pituitary gland develop from

A

Hypophysial diverticulum and neurohypophysial diverticulum

38
Q

Cerebral vesicles

A

Bubble-like outgrowths of the cranial forebrain, become the left and right cerebral hemispheres

39
Q

Neural Canal derivative (telencephalon)

A

Lateral ventricles

40
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Formed by the migration of cells of the intermediate layer to the marginal layer

41
Q

Neurulation

A

Formation of the tube and plate, begins in week 3

42
Q

Microepithelial cell derivatives

A

Neuroblasts, glioblasts, ependymal cells

43
Q

3 layers of neural tube wall

A

Inner ventricular, intermediate, outer marginal

44
Q

Ventricular layer

A

Hosts ependymal cells

45
Q

Intermediate layer

A

Hosts neuroblasts and glioblasts

46
Q

Marginal zone

A

Outer part of neural, also glial zones

47
Q

What does the spinal cord develop from

A

Neural tube caudal to the fourth pair of somites

48
Q

When does the central canal appear

A

9/10 weeks

49
Q

Sulcus limitans

A

Separates side walls into dorsal alar plates and ventral basal plates

50
Q

Alar plate derivative

A

Horns of grey matter

51
Q

Marginal layer derivative

A

White matter

52
Q

What are the unipolar neurons in spinal ganglia derived from

A

Neural crest cells

53
Q

Basal plate derivatives

A

Lateral and ventral horns of grey matter

54
Q

Are basal efferent or afferent

A

Efferent

55
Q

Are alar efferent or afferent

A

Afferent

56
Q

What do the axons in neurons in the ventral horn become

A

Form the ventral roots of spinal nerves

57
Q

Dorsal primary rami

A

Innervate the limbs, vertebral joints, and the skin of the back

58
Q

Ventral primary rami

A

Innervate the libs and ventral body wall

59
Q

Spinal nerve division

A

Divides into the dorsal and ventral primary rami

60
Q

Primordial meninx

A

Formed from the mesenchymal surrounding the neural tube

61
Q

Dura matter

A

Thickened external layer of the spinal meninx

62
Q

Pia-arachnoid

A

Inner layer of the spinal meninx, composed of pia matter and arachnoid matter, derived from neural crest cells

63
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Begins to form in week 5 from vascular fluid

64
Q

Why does the spinal cord change position

A

The vertebral column grows more rapidly than the spinal cord

65
Q

Positional changes of the spinal cord

A

Spinal cord moves to progressively higher levels within the vertebral column, ends at L1 in adults

66
Q

Myelination of nerve fibres

A

Begins in late fetal period and continues during first year after birth

67
Q

Schwann cells

A

From neural crest cells, form myelin in PNS

68
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Form myelin in CNS

69
Q

When do tracts become functional

A

Upon myelination

Human Embryology (9 decks)

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