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Human Embryology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is derived from the splanchnic mesoderm

A

Primordium of heart

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2
Q

What is derived from the paraxial and later mesoderm

A

Internal ears

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3
Q

What develops from the neural crest cells

A

Region between the optic vesicles and the caudal limits of teh third pair of somites

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4
Q

Development of the intraembryonic coelom

A

Spaces appear in the later mesoderm and coalesce to form the intraembryonic coelom

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5
Q

What does the intraembryonic coelom divide

A

Divides the intraembryonic mesoderm into somatic and splanchnic layers

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6
Q

Vasculogenesis

A

Formation of new vascular channels by assembly of individual cell precursors called angioblasts

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7
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Formation of new vessels by budding and branching from preexisting vessels

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8
Q

Primary cardiogenic field

A

Atrium, left ventricle, portion of right ventricle

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9
Q

Secondary cardiogenic field

A

Rest of rig t ventricle, bulbous cordis, truncus arteriosus

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10
Q

What do blood islands differentiate

A

Differentiate mesodermal cells under fgf, form blood vessels via. Vasculogenesis

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11
Q

Vitelline veins

A

Return poorly oxygenated blood from the umbilical vesicle via the omphaloenteric duct. Veins enter the sinus venosus, left side degenerates while the right side forms the hepatic portal system

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12
Q

Umbilical veins

A

Carry well oxygenated blood from the chorion to the sinus venosus, right side and cranial part of the left uv between the liver and sinus venosus degenerates. Caudal part of the left uv becomes the umbilical vein, which carries all the blood from the placenta to the embryo

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13
Q

Cardinal veins

A

Main venous drainage system of the embryo, anterior drains the cranial embryo, posterior drains the caudal embryo. Both join the common cardinal veins which enter the sinus venous.Return poorly oxygenated blood from the embryo, left (posterior) side degenerates, right (anterior) side becomes the brachiocephalic vein

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14
Q

Left right left

A

Vitelline, umbilical, common cardinal

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15
Q

Sinus venosus

A

Veinous end of the heart

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16
Q

What does the right vitelline vein become

A

Hepatic portal system

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17
Q

Ductus venosus

A

Large venous shunt, develops within the liver and connects the umbilical vein with the inferior vena cava

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18
Q

What forms the left brachiocephalic vein

A

In week 8 the anterior cardinal veins become connected by and anastomosis which shunts blood from the left to the right when the caudal av degenerates

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19
Q

Ivc

A

Inferior vena cava

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20
Q

When does the ivc form

A

Forms during a series of changes on the primordial veins of the trunk that occur as blood, returning from the caudal embryo, is shifted from left to right

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21
Q

Hepatic segment

A

Segment of the ivc , derived from the hepatic vein and hepatic sinusoids

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22
Q

Prerenal segment

A

Segment of the ivc, Derived from the right sub cardinal vein

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23
Q

Renal segment

A

Segment of the ivc, derived from the sub cardinal-supracardinal vein

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24
Q

Post rental segment

A

Segment of the ivc, derived from the right supracardinal vein

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25
Q

When do the pharyngeal arch arteries form

A

Week 4/5

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26
Q

Pharyngeal arch arteries

A

Supply blood to the pharyngeal arches, arise from the aortic sac and terminate in the dorsal aorta

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27
Q

Dorsal aorta

A

Initially run the entire embryo length, caudal portions fuse to form a single lower thoracic/abdominal aorta. Right regresses, left becomes primordial aorta

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28
Q

What forms the primordial aorta

A

Left dorsal aorta

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29
Q

Intersegmental arteries

A

Branches of the dorsal aorta, roughly 30 ia’s pass between and carry blood to the somites and their derivatives, for, the vertebral artery in the neck, for, the intercostal arteries in the thorax

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30
Q

What forms the vertebral artery

A

Intersegmental arteries in the neck join

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31
Q

What forms the intercostal arteries

A

Intersegmental arteries in the thorax

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32
Q

What do the abdominal inter segmental arteries becomes

A

Lumber arteries, the 5th pair of lumbar ias re aims as the common iliac arteries

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33
Q

What forms the common iliac arteries

A

The 5th Lauren of lumbar intersegmental arteries

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34
Q

What forms the sacral arteries

A

Sacral region of the intersegmental arteries

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35
Q

Fate of the vitelline arteries

A

Pass to the vesicle and later the primordial gut, which forms the incorporated part of the umbilical vesicle

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36
Q

What vitelline arteries persist

A

Celiac arterial trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery

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37
Q

What brings blood to the foregut

A

Celiac arterial trunk

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38
Q

What brings blood to midgut

A

Superior mesenteric artery

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39
Q

What brings blood to hindgut

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

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40
Q

Fate of the umbilical arteries

A

Proximal part becomes internal iliac arteries and superior vesicle arteries, whereas the distal part becomes medial umbilical ligament

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41
Q

When does heart development begin

A

End of week 3 with a condensation of mesoderm ventral to the intraembryonic coelom - the cardiogenic region condenses

42
Q

Development of the heart tube

A

Starts with the condensation of the cardiogenic area, forms 2 angioblastic cords that canalize to become heart tubes. Lateral body folding causes tubes to fuse into a single heart tube.

43
Q

What does the wall of the heart tube consist of

A

Endothelium, cardiac jelly, myocardium, epicardium

44
Q

What forms the endocardium

A

Endothelium of the heart tube

45
Q

What becomes the subendocardial CT

A

Cardiac jelly

46
Q

What becomes the cardiac muscle

A

Myocardium of the heart tube

47
Q

What forms the epicardium

A

Mesothelial cells

48
Q

What are the five heart tube dilations

A

Truncus arteriosus, bulbous cordis, ventricle, atrium, sinus venosus

49
Q

What suspends the heart from the dorsal wall

A

Dorsal mesocardium

50
Q

Transverse pericardial sinus

A

Communication between the right and left sides of the pericardial. Formed when the central part of the dorsal mesocardium degenerates

51
Q

What end of the heart I fixed in position

A

Arterial and venous ends

52
Q

Bulboventricular loop

A

Forms as the bulbous cordis and the ventricle grow, causing the heartube to fold upon itself

53
Q

What part of the heart tube moves

A

Atrium and sinus venosus move dorsally and to the left

54
Q

When does contraction of the year begin

55
Q

When does blood begin to circulate

56
Q

What transcription factor causes the atrium and sinus venosus to move

57
Q

How does blood return to the sinus venosus

A

Cardiac, umbilical, and vitelline veins

58
Q

What is the order of blood flow in the heart

A

Sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, bulbous cordis, truncus arteriosus, aortic sac, aortic arches, dorsal aorta

59
Q

What arteries carry blood from the dorsal aorta

A

Intersegmental arteries, umbilical arteries, vitelline arteries

60
Q

When does the partitioning of the heart begin

61
Q

When does the partitioning of the heart end

62
Q

What is the purpose of the partitioning of the heart

A

Stops the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

63
Q

Atrioventral canal

A

Separates the atrium from the ventricles and the left and right side of the heart

64
Q

Formation of the av canal

A

Endocardial cushions form on the ventral and dorsal walls, they grow and fuse which divides the AV canal into the left and right AV canals. Following inductive signals from the myocardium, a segment of the inner endocardial cells undergoes epithelial mesenchymal transformation which then invades the extracellular matrix

65
Q

EMT

A

Epithelial mesenchymal transformation

66
Q

Factors for EMT

A

TGF-B1, TGF-B2, BMP-2A, BMP-4, the zinc finger slug and activin-receptor-like kinase (ChALK2)

67
Q

Artrial septal defects

A

Result from excessive resorption of the septum primmer and defective development of the septum secendum

68
Q

Ventricular septal defects

A

Most common, results in a patent interventricular foremen

69
Q

Transposition of the great arteries

A

Results when the aorticopulmonary septum doesnt spiral and the origin of great arteries is reversed

70
Q

Umbilical vein derivative

A

Ligamentum teres

71
Q

Ductus venosus derivative

A

Ligamentum venosus

72
Q

Umbilical arteries derivatives

A

Medial umbilical ligaments andvesicular arteries

73
Q

Foramen ovals derivative

A

Fossa oval is

74
Q

Ductus arteriosus derivative

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

75
Q

What marks the division of the primitive atrium

A

formation of the septa primum and septum secendum

76
Q

Foramen ovale

A

opening between the bottom of the septum primum and the endocardial cushions

77
Q

when does the foramen primum disappear

A

when the septum primum fuses with the endocardial cushions

78
Q

What divides the primitive ventricle

A

muscular rige grows upwards from the floor of the ventricle to form the interventricular septum

79
Q

When does the IV septum completely form

80
Q

What does the fusion of the IV foramen result from

A

fusion of tissues from 3 sources, right bulbar ridge, left bulbar ridge, endocardial cushion

81
Q

What occurs after the closure of the IV foramen

A

Pulmonary trunk is in communication with the right ventricle and the aorta communicates with the left ventricle

82
Q

Changes to the sinus venosus (left to right)

A

right horn increases and left horn decreases, orifice moves to the right and opens into the right atrium, right horn of sinus venosus is incorporated into the wall of the right atrium, left horn of sinus venosus becomes the coronary sinus

83
Q

Primordial pulmonary vein

A

incorporates into the wall of the left atrium as it expands, forming four pulmonary veins as a result

84
Q

Aorticopulmonary septum

A

forms as a result of the fusion of the muscular bulbar and truncal ridges, spiral partition that divides the bulbus cordus and truncus arteriosus into the pulmonary trunk and the aorta

85
Q

Bulbar and truncal ridges

A

Derived from neural crest mesenchyme, neural crest cells migrate through the primordial pharynx and pharyngael arches to reach the ridges.

86
Q

fate of bulbus cordis

A

incorporated into the walls of the definitive ventricles, becomes the conus arteriosus in the right ventricle and the walls of the aortic vestibule in the left ventricle

87
Q

Conus arteriosus

A

Infundibulum, gives rise to the pulmonary trunk in the right ventricle

88
Q

Aortic Vestibule

A

Part of the ventricular cavity just inferior to the aortic valve

89
Q

Atrial Septal Defects

A

among the most common congenital heart defects, result from excessive resorption of the septum primum or development of the septum secendum, can result in patent foramen ovale or patent foramen primum

90
Q

Ventricular septal defects

A

Most common congenital heart defects, usually involve membranous part of the septum, results in a patent interventricular foramen

91
Q

Transposition of the Great Arteries

A

results when aorticopulmonary septum doesn’t spiral and origin of great arteries is reversed

92
Q

Why is prenatal circulaton dfferent

A

lungs are nonfunctional, placenta serves in gas exchange

93
Q

Umbilical vein derivative

A

ligamentum teres

94
Q

ductus venous derivative

A

ligamentum venosum

95
Q

umbilical arteries derivative

A

medal umbilical ligaments and vescular arteries

96
Q

Formen ovale derivative

A

fossa ovalis

97
Q

Ductus arteriosus derivative

A

arteriosum

98
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus

A

occurs commonly in premature babies

99
Q

patent foramen ovale

A

results in blood flowing from LA into RA, and decreases cardiac output

100
Q

Breached fetus

A

improperly positioned upon birth

101
Q

Biggest issues in preterm babies

A

immature lungs, underdeveloped immune system,

102
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

Vesodilator

Human Embryology (9 decks)

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