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Human Embryology > Organogenetic Period > Flashcards

Organogenetic Period Flashcards

1
Q

When is the organogenetic period

A

Weeks 4-8

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2
Q

What are the germ layers

A

Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

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3
Q

Ectoderm derivatives

A

skin, central nervous system, primary nervous system, eyes, internal ears, neural crest cells

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4
Q

Mesoderm derivatives

A

bones, connective tissue, urogenital system, cardiovascular system

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5
Q

Endoderm derivatives

A

Gut & gut derivatives

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6
Q

Mesoderm vs. Mesenchyme

A

mesoderm - derives from the mesodermal germ layer

mesenchyme - any loose connective tissue, may be derived from mesoderm, neural crest, etc.

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7
Q

End of the embryonic period

A
  • beginnings of all organ systems appear

- by the end of the embryo period, the embryo appears human

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8
Q

Folding of the embryo

A

Results from the rapid growth of the neural tube and amniotic cavity but not the yolk sac

  • folding occurs in the longitudinal and transverse planes
  • Allows the flat trilaminar disc to become cylindrical
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9
Q

Folding in the longitudinal plane

A
  • Results in the head and tail ends of the embryo swinging ventrally
  • Septum transversum, primitive heart, oropharyngeal membrane turn onto the ventral surface
  • Somatopleure becomes face and chest wall
  • Part of the yolk sac is incorporated as the foregut
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10
Q

Folding in the Transverse plane

A
  • The sides of the embryonic disc roll ventrally forming a cylindrical embryo
  • Part of the yolk sac is incorporated as the midgut
  • The splanchnopleure forms the wall of the gut
  • The somotopleure forms the body wall
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11
Q

Neural tube defects

A

occur when neural pores stay open

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12
Q

Ancephaly

A

Neural tube defect, occurs when the anterior neuropore doesn’t close

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13
Q

Spina Bifida

A

Neural tube defect, occurs when the anterior neuropore doesn’t close

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14
Q

What prevents neural tube defects

A

Folic acid

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15
Q

What aids in the control of development

A

Retinoic Acid

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16
Q

Control of development

A
  • embryonic tissues act as inductors and influence the development of adjacent tissues by passing signals to induced tissue
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17
Q

Placenta

A

Fetomaternal organ

  • fetal: villus chorion
  • maternal: decidua basalis of the endometrium
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18
Q

Amniochorinic cavity

A

result of the fusion of the amniotic cavity and the chorionic cavity

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19
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

A
  • Hemolytic disease of the newborn

- Rh incompatibility when there is a Rh+ baby and a Rh- Mother

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20
Q

Digestive tract

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

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21
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A

liver, gall bladder, pancreas

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22
Q

Primitive gut

A

straight tube consisting of the fore, mid, and hindgut

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23
Q

Derivatives of the forgeut

A

Pharynx, esophagus

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24
Q

Esophagus

A

developes caudal to the pharynx, is seperated from the trachea by the tracheoesophageal septum

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25
Q

Esophageal atresia

A

results from improper division of the trachea and esophagus, usually occurs with a tracheaesophageal fistula or failure of the esophagus to recanalize
(1/3000)

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26
Q

Stomach

A
  • develops from the distal portion of the foregut
  • enlarges and lies ventrodorsally
  • dorsal border grows faster than the ventral border (U-shape)
  • Rotates 90 degrees clockwise around the longitudinal axis (Cranial left, caudal right)
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27
Q

Cogenital pyloric stenosis

A
  • Abnormal thickening of the pyloric sphincter, restricts movement of materials from the stomach into the small intestine
  • Stomach becomes distended and projectile vomiting occurs
28
Q

Omental Bursa

A

Also known as the lesser peritoneal sac

- Cavity formed when isolated clefts developed n the mesenchyme coalesce, forming the thick dorsal mesogastrium

29
Q

Stomach enlargement

A
  • Omental bursa expands and acquires an inferior recess of the omental bursa between the layers of the elongated dorsal mesogastrium (greater omentum)
30
Q

Duodenum

A
  • Develops from caudal/distal foregut in week 4
  • Grows rapidly into a C-shaped loops that projects caudally
  • Lumen becomes smaller & is temporarily obliterated due to proliferation of epithelial cells
  • Vacuolation occurs as the epithelial cells degenerate
31
Q

Duodenal Stenosis

A
  • Due to the partial occlusion of the duodenal lumen
  • Results from incomplete recanalization of the duodenum due to defective vacuolization
  • Bile duct is connected to the duodenum, therefore the stomach’s contents, usually containing bile are vomited
32
Q

Duodenal Atresia

A
  • Complete occlusion of the duodenum

- Blockage occurs at the junction of the bile and pancreatic

33
Q

Hepatocytes

A

derived from the endoderm

34
Q

Hepatic Diverticulum

A

Liver bud, forms as an endodermal outgrowth from the foregut

- projects into splanchnic mesoderm and divides into cranial (liver) and caudal (gall bladder & cystic duct) parts

35
Q

Cells derived from mesoderm

A

Hemopoietic/ fibrous tissue, Kupffer cells

36
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

Formation of blood cells, occurs in week 6

37
Q

What induces the liver bud outgrowth

A

secreted factors from cardiac mesoderm and te septum transversum

38
Q

Site of liver bud outgrowth

A

hepatic field

39
Q

What inhibits liver growth

A

factors secreted by noncardial mesoderm, ectoderm, notochord

40
Q

What inhibits liver growth inhibitors

A

FGFs

41
Q

FGFs

A

Fibroblast growth factors, secreted by cardiac mesoderm, inhibit liver growth inhibitors and stimulate bud outgrowth

42
Q

BMPs

A

Bone morphogenic proteins, stimulate the action of FGFs

43
Q

Development of the pancreas

A

Endodermal cells form dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds at the caudal end of the foregut, as the duodenum rotates the ventral bud is carried dorsally to lay posterior to the dorsal bud

44
Q

Where is retinoic acid low

A

Pharynx

45
Q

Where is retinoic acid high

A

rectum

46
Q

Esophagus transcription factor

A

SOX1

47
Q

Duodenum transcription factor

A

PDX1

48
Q

Small intestine transcription factor

A

CDXC

49
Q

Large intestine transcription factor

A

CDXA

50
Q

Derivative of the midgut

A

Small intestine, proximal portions of the large intestine

51
Q

When does the midgut herniate

A

week 6

52
Q

Why does the midgut herniate

A

There isn’t enough room in the abdominal cavity

53
Q

What does the cranial limb give rise to

A

Loops of the small intestine

54
Q

What does the caudal limb give rise to

A

Parts of the large intestine

55
Q

Rotation of the midgut loop

A

While it’s in the umbilical cord, it rotates 90 degrees counterclockwise around the axis of the superior mesenteric artery

56
Q

When do the intestines return to the abdomen

A

Week 10

57
Q

What happens when the intestines return to the abdomen

A

Reduction of the midgut hernia

58
Q

Cogenital Omphalocele

A

Midgut hernia isn’t reduces and intestines remain in proximal part of the umbilical cord
1/5000

59
Q

Ileal Diverticulum

A

Remnant of connection between midgut and yolk sac

2-4%

60
Q

Derivatives of Hindgut

A

Distal portion of tranverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, superior anal canal

61
Q

Cloaca

A

Expanded terminal part of the hindgut

- Endoderm-lined chamber that is in contact with the surface enctoderm at the cloacal membrane

62
Q

Proctoduem

A

anal pit

63
Q

What is the cloacal membrane composed of

A

endoderm of the cloaca and ectoderm of the proctodeum

64
Q

When does the cloaca partition

A

Week 7

65
Q

Partitioning of the cloaca

A

By week 7, urorectal septum divides cloaca into ventral urogenital sinus and dorsal gastrointestinal part

66
Q

When does the anal membrane rupture

A

End of week 8

67
Q

What happens when the anal membrane ruptures

A

Brings the digestive tract into communication with the amniotic cavity

Human Embryology (9 decks)

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