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Urinary (SA) > Urogenital imaging > Flashcards

Urogenital imaging Flashcards

1
Q

What is pollakuria?

A

Frequent urination

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2
Q

What is stranguria?

A

Straining, painful urination

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3
Q

What is dysuria?

A

Difficult, painful urination

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4
Q

What is polyuria?

A

Abnormally large amounts of dilute urine

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5
Q

What is anuria?

A

Inability to pass urine

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6
Q

What is plain radiography NOT good for assessing (in terms of urogenital imaging)?

A

Internal structures

Ureters

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7
Q

What imaging methods are best for assessing internal architecture and luminal spaces?

A

Contrast radiography

Ultrasound

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8
Q

Which imaging method is best for assessing ureters?

A

Contrast radiography

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9
Q

Is a normal uterus visible on radiography?

A

No - unless greatly enlarged

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10
Q

Why is it difficult to see a uterus on ultrasound?

A

Between bladder (ventrally) and descending colon (dorsally)

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11
Q

How does pyometra appear radiographically?

A

Dilated soft tissue loops between bladder and colon

Mass effect displaces intestines cranially and dorsally

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12
Q

How does pyometra appear on ultrasound?

A

Fluid dilation of uterine horns and body

Thin or thick, cystic walls

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13
Q

Name 3 causes of prostatomegaly

A

Prostatitis
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Prostatic neoplasia

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14
Q

Does non-neoplastic prostate disease mainly affect neutered or entire dogs?

A

Entire

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15
Q

How does prostatitis appear on imaging?

A

Marked enlargement
Shape can be regular or irregular
May see loss of serial detail and mineralisation

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16
Q

Does prostatic neoplasia mainly affect neutered or entire dogs?

A

Neutered!

17
Q

Does benign prostatic hyperplasia mainly affect neutered or entire dogs?

A

Entire

18
Q

Where does a prostatic neoplasia tend to metastasise to? (3 main places)

A

Medial and iliac lymph nodes
Lumbar vertebrae
Lungs

19
Q

What are the 3 basic contrast studies for the urinary tract?

A

Cystography
Retrograde (vagino) urethrogram
Intravenous urography

20
Q

Are positive or negative contrast medias used in the urinary tract?

A

Positive - iodine based

Negative - air/gas can only used in cystography!

21
Q

Intravenous urography is the radiographic study of which structures?

A

Renal parenchyma
Ureters
Bladder

22
Q

What is required for a successful intravenous urography?

A 
Adequate renal function and hydration 
Good patient prep (fasting, enema)
GA/heavy sedation
Multiple VD and lateral radiographs at short intervals
Time!
23
Q

When is intravenous urography contraindicated?

A

If inadequate renal function
Dehydration
Iodine hypersensitivity

24
Q

What type of imaging is best to assess urinary tract mucosal details?

A

Double contrast cystograhphy

both positive and negative contrast media - causes thin coating on mucosa

25
Q

What imaging method should be used to assess cystitis?

A

Double contrast cystography

26
Q

How do bladder calculi appear on ultrasound?

A

Hyperechoic (white) structures in the dependent part of the bladder
Strong distal shadowing

27
Q

Where is the main predilection site for bladder masses?

A

Trigone

Also dorsal bladder wall

28
Q

What radiography imaging method should be used if a ruptured bladder is suspected?

A

Positive contrast radiography

Will show leakage of contrast

29
Q

How does a bladder rupture appear on ultrasound?

A

Unable to show defect

But can see free fluid

30
Q

What imaging method is the only way to accurately assess a urethra and it’s patency?

A

Retrograde (vagino)urethrogram

31
Q

What is the normal size of a kidney in cats and dogs (on a VD radiograph)?

A

Dogs - 2.5-3.5X length of L2

Cats - 1.9-2.6X length of L2

32
Q

When is a pneumocystogram contraindicated?

A

Severe haematuria or suspected trauma

Risk of air embolism

Urinary (SA) (9 decks)

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