Urogenital imaging

Question 1

What is pollakuria?

Answer 1

Frequent urination

Question 2

What is stranguria?

Answer 2

Straining, painful urination

Question 3

What is dysuria?

Answer 3

Difficult, painful urination

Question 4

What is polyuria?

Answer 4

Abnormally large amounts of dilute urine

Question 5

What is anuria?

Answer 5

Inability to pass urine

Question 6

What is plain radiography NOT good for assessing (in terms of urogenital imaging)?

Answer 6

Internal structures

Ureters

Question 7

What imaging methods are best for assessing internal architecture and luminal spaces?

Answer 7

Contrast radiography

Ultrasound

Question 8

Which imaging method is best for assessing ureters?

Answer 8

Contrast radiography

Question 9

Is a normal uterus visible on radiography?

Answer 9

No - unless greatly enlarged

Question 10

Why is it difficult to see a uterus on ultrasound?

Answer 10

Between bladder (ventrally) and descending colon (dorsally)

Question 11

How does pyometra appear radiographically?

Answer 11

Dilated soft tissue loops between bladder and colon

Mass effect displaces intestines cranially and dorsally

Question 12

How does pyometra appear on ultrasound?

Answer 12

Fluid dilation of uterine horns and body

Thin or thick, cystic walls

Question 13

Name 3 causes of prostatomegaly

Answer 13

Prostatitis
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Prostatic neoplasia

Question 14

Does non-neoplastic prostate disease mainly affect neutered or entire dogs?

Answer 14

Entire

Question 15

How does prostatitis appear on imaging?

Answer 15

Marked enlargement
Shape can be regular or irregular
May see loss of serial detail and mineralisation

Question 16

Does prostatic neoplasia mainly affect neutered or entire dogs?

Answer 16

Neutered!

Question 17

Does benign prostatic hyperplasia mainly affect neutered or entire dogs?

Answer 17

Entire

Question 18

Where does a prostatic neoplasia tend to metastasise to? (3 main places)

Answer 18

Medial and iliac lymph nodes
Lumbar vertebrae
Lungs

Question 19

What are the 3 basic contrast studies for the urinary tract?

Answer 19

Cystography
Retrograde (vagino) urethrogram
Intravenous urography

Question 20

Are positive or negative contrast medias used in the urinary tract?

Answer 20

Positive - iodine based

Negative - air/gas can only used in cystography!

Question 21

Intravenous urography is the radiographic study of which structures?

Answer 21

Renal parenchyma
Ureters
Bladder

Question 22

What is required for a successful intravenous urography?

Answer 22

Adequate renal function and hydration 
Good patient prep (fasting, enema)
GA/heavy sedation
Multiple VD and lateral radiographs at short intervals
Time!

Question 23

When is intravenous urography contraindicated?

Answer 23

If inadequate renal function
Dehydration
Iodine hypersensitivity

Question 24

What type of imaging is best to assess urinary tract mucosal details?

Answer 24

Double contrast cystograhphy

both positive and negative contrast media - causes thin coating on mucosa

Question 25

What imaging method should be used to assess cystitis?

Answer 25

Double contrast cystography

Question 26

How do bladder calculi appear on ultrasound?

Answer 26

Hyperechoic (white) structures in the dependent part of the bladder Strong distal shadowing

Question 27

Where is the main predilection site for bladder masses?

Answer 27

Trigone | Also dorsal bladder wall

Question 28

What radiography imaging method should be used if a ruptured bladder is suspected?

Answer 28

Positive contrast radiography | Will show leakage of contrast

Question 29

How does a bladder rupture appear on ultrasound?

Answer 29

Unable to show defect | But can see free fluid

Question 30

What imaging method is the only way to accurately assess a urethra and it's patency?

Answer 30

Retrograde (vagino)urethrogram

Question 31

What is the normal size of a kidney in cats and dogs (on a VD radiograph)?

Answer 31

Dogs - 2.5-3.5X length of L2 | Cats - 1.9-2.6X length of L2

Question 32

When is a pneumocystogram contraindicated?

Answer 32

Severe haematuria or suspected trauma | Risk of air embolism