Urogenital and Sexually Transmitted Infections Flashcards
Chapter 26
Does the urinary tract have microbes?
none (except at urethra opening)
Why are there many nosocomial infection of the Urinary Tract? (2)
- catheterization
- surgery
What is Urethritis?
inflammation of urethra
What is Cystitis?
inflammation of bladder
What is Pyelonephritis?
inflammation of kidneys
What can lead to Pyelonephritis?
Cystitis
Why is Pyelonephritis more dangerous?
possible septic shock
What group commonly has cases of Cystitis?
females
What are the most common organisms causing Cystitis? (3)
- E. coli
- Staphylococcus saprophyticus
- Proteus vulgaris
What are the risk factors of Cystitis? (2)
- sexual intercourse
- improper hygiene
What are the Symptoms of Cystitis? (3)
- dysuria (painful urination)
- pyuria (frequent urination)
- hematuria (blood in urine)
How is Cystitis treated? (2)
- fluroquinolones
- bactrim
What happens if Cystitis reaches the kidneys?
becomes pyelonephritis
What are the Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive System? (5)
- gonorrhea
- non-gonococcal urethritis
- pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- syphilis
- vaginitis
What are the Viral Diseases of the Reproductive System? (2)
- genital herpes
- genital warts
Which age bracket is mainly affected by Diseases of the Reproductive System?
15 - 24 years old
What bacteria causes gonorrhea?
Neisseria gonorrhea
Describe Neisseria gonorrhea (3):
- gonorrhea
- gram (-)
- diplococci
How is Gonorrhea spread? (2)
- sexual contact
- hands
What does gonorrhea attach to in the body?
mucosal cells of the epithelium (mouth, eyes, genital tracts, rectum)
What are the primary symptoms of Gonorrhea in Males? (2)
- urethral discharge
- painful urination
What are the primary symptoms of Gonorrhea in Females? (3)
- vaginal discharge (maybe)
- abdominal pain
- highly asymptomatic
How is Gonorrhea treated?
antibiotics
What happens if Gonorrhea goes untreated? (2)
- spread to vas deferens (males) and fallopian tubes (females)
- can cause sterility
What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?
infection of woman’s reproductive organ
What are the complications of Gonorrhea? (6)
- gonorrheal endocarditis
- meningitis
- eye infection
- pharynx infection
- joint infection
- ophthalmia neonatorum (eye infection of newborn)
How is Gonorrhea diagnosed?
isolated WBCs inside gram (-) diplococci in urethral discharge/cervical swab
What are PPNG strains of Gonorrhea?
penicillinase producing N. gonorrhea
What are TRNG strains of Gonorrhea?
tetracycline resistant N. gonorrhea
How is TRNG Gonorrhea treated?
ceftriaxone
What is a rare complication of Gonococcal?
arthritis
What is Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU)?
Any inflammation of urethra not caused by N. gonorrhea
What is the most common bacteria that causes NGU?
Chlamydia trachomatis
How is Nongonococcal Urethritis spread?
sexually (most common STD)
What are the symptoms of NGU? (3)
- painful urination
- water discharge
- can be asymptomatic
What can NGU lead to?
infections of epididymis and uterine tubes
How is Nongonococcal Urethritis treated? (2)
- tetracycline
- erythromycin
What bacteria causes Syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
Describe Treponema pallidum (3):
- syphilis
- gram (-)
- spirochete
How is Syphilis spread?
sexual contact
What is the incubation period for Syphilis?
2 weeks - several months
How do Syphilis microbes penetrate tissues?
using the spreading factor = mucopolysaccharidase
What occurs in the primary stage of Syphilis? (3)
- chancre appears at site of infection
- may have swollen lymph nodes
- microbe goes to blood
What is Chancre?
non painful ulcer
How is Syphilis detected in the primary stage?
microscopic exam of chancre exudate
What happens in the Secondary Stage of Syphilis? (2)
- rash on skin, mucous membranes of mouth, throat, cervix
- microbe is systemic
How long does the Secondary Stage of Syphilis typically last?
few weeks - months
What happens in the Latent Stage of Syphilis?
No symptoms, person has detectable Ab
How long can the Latent Stage of Syphilis last?
10 - 20 years
What happens in the Tertiary Stage of Syphilis? (3)
- gummas (granulomas) appear
- few microbes present
- appear on skin, in bones, liver, heart, brain, mouth 7-10 years post secondary stage
What can the Tertiary Stage of Syphilis result in? (4)
- blindness
- heart problems
- seizures
- death
What is Congenital Syphilis?
syphilis from mother to fetus
How does Syphilis infect the fetus?
microbe crosses the placenta
What does Congenital Syphilis cause? (6)
- fetal neurological diseases
- can be fatal
- Hutchinson’s teeth
- blindness
- deafness
- severe mental disease
How is Syphilis diagnosed? (2)
- test looks for presence of Treponema pallidum
- test looks for antibodies to the microbe
What Virus causes Genital Warts?
human papilloma virus
Describe the Human Papilloma Virus (4):
- genital warts
- naked
- double stranded
- DNA
How many types of HPV are there?
60
Which types of HPV are the most common? (4)
HPV 16, 18, 11, 6
How are genital warts detected?
through pap smear
Do genital warts go away forever?
No, tend to recur
How are Genital Warts treated? (3)
- acid burning
- liquid nitrogen freezing
- laser
What is the leading cause of death in young women in the U.S.?
HPV + Cervical Cancer
Which types of HPV are mainly associated with Cervical Cancer? (2)
- HPV-16
- hPV-18
What are the risk factors of HPV + Cervical Cancer? (5)
- multiple partners
- STDs
- early age at first coitus (intercourse)
- oral contraception
- smoking
What Vaccines are there for HPV? (3)
3 vaccines (gardasil = subunit vaccine)
