Diseases of the Respiratory Tract Flashcards
Chapter 24
1
Q
What is the major pathway that microbes enter the body?
A
through the respiratory tract
2
Q
What makes up the Upper Respiratory Tract? (3)
A
- nose
- pharynx
- associated structures
3
Q
What makes up the Lower Respiratory Tract? (3)
A
- trachea
- bronchi
- alveoli of lungs
4
Q
What defenses does the Respiratory Tract have? (3)
A
- ciliated mucous membranes
- alveolar macrophages
- IgA antibodies
5
Q
What bacteria causes Strep Throat?
A
Streptococcus pyogens
6
Q
What is another name for Strep Throat?
A
Streptococcal Pharyngitis
7
Q
Describe Streptococcus pyogenes (4):
A
- Group A beta hemolytic
- gram (+)
- coccus
- GAS (80 serotypes_
8
Q
What are other illnesses Streptococcus pyogenes can cause? (3)
A
- impetigo
- erysipelas
- acute bacterial endocarditis
9
Q
What are the symptoms of bacterial pharyngitis?
A
similar to viral pharyngitis
10
Q
What can strep throat lead to? (2)
A
- tonsillitis
- otitis media
11
Q
What can strep throat lead to if untreated? (2)
A
- rheumatic fever
- glomerulonephritis
12
Q
What Virulence Factors does Streptococcus pyogenes have? (3)
A
- M protein
- streptokinase (lyses clots)
- streptolysins (lyses WBCs, RBCs, tissues)
13
Q
How is Strep Throat spread?
A
respiratory route
14
Q
How is Strep Throat diagnosed? (3)
A
- culture of throat swab
- quick agglutination test
- rapid enzyme immunoassay
15
Q
How is Strep Throat treated?
A
Penicillin
16
Q
What is Streptococcal Pharyngitis resistant to?
A
Phagocytosis
17
Q
What bacteria causes Diptheria?
A
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
18
Q
Describe Corynebacterium diphtheriae (4):
A
- non-spore forming
- gram (+)
- pleomorphic
- rod
19
Q
How is diphtheria spread? (2)
A
- respiratory route
- droplets
20
Q
Where does diphtheria replicate in?
A
Throat
21
Q
What does diphtheria secrete?
A
exotoxins into blood
22
Q
What encodes diphtheria’s exotoxin genes?
A
prophage (lysogenic conversion)
23
Q
What does diphtheria exotoxins do?
A
inhibit protein synthesis in vital organs
24
Q
What are the symptoms of Diphtheria? ()
A
- sore throat
- fever
- weakness
- grayish pseudomembrane covers throat
25
What is the pseudomembrane on throat caused by Diphtheria made of? (4)
- microbes
- fibrin
- dead tissues
- WBCs
26
What can the pseudomembrane caused by Diphtheria lead to?
suffocation (blocks air passage)
27
How is diphtheria prevented?
Vaccine (DTaP)
28
How is Diphtheria treated? (3)
- penicillin
- erythromycin
- diphtheria antitoxin (neutralize toxins)
29
What viruses causes the common cold? (2)
- rhinoviruses (30-50%)
- coronaviruses (10-15%)
30
Describe Rhinoviruses (4):
- picornaviridae
- non-enveloped
- single stranded
- RNA
31
How many types of Rhinoviruses are there?
113 serological types
32
What vaccines are there for Rhinoviruses?
None
33
Describe Coronaviruses (4):
- coronaviridae
- enveloped
- single stranded
- RNA
34
What defenses does the body have against the common cold?
IgA antibodies
35
How is the common cold spread? (2)
- respiratory route
- hand transmission
36
What are the symptoms of a common cold? (4)
- sneezing
- nasal discharge
- congestion
- cough
37
What treatments are there for the common cold?
None
38
What bacteria causes Tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
39
Describe Mycobacterium tuberculosis (4):
- acid-fast
- aerobic
- gram (+)
- rod
40
What is the generation time for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
~20 hours (very slow)
41
What are the cell walls of Mycobacterium tuberculosis made of?
Mycolic Acids
42
What properties do Mycolic Acids have? (2)
- resist drying & disinfectants
- confers acid fast property
43
What is the #1 cause of death in AIDS patients?
Tuberculosis (drug resistant strains)
44
How is tuberculosis spread?
inhalation (lungs)
45
How are Mycobacterium tuberculosis killed in the body?
phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages
46
What happens if the Mycobacterium tuberculosis is not killed? (3)
- live within macrophages
- other macrophages sent to lungs
- caseous area forms
47
(T/F) Tuberculosis organisms can lie dormant in the center for years.
True
48
What are Ghon Complexes?
healed tuberculosis lesions that form calcified nodules
49
What are the symptoms of tuberculosis? (5)
- fever
- fatigue
- coughing (hemoptysis)
- weight loss
- weakness
50
What does hemoptysis mean?
coughing
51
Is tuberculosis a chronic or acute disease?
chronic
52
How is tuberculosis treated? (4)
- streptomycin
- INH (isoniazid)
- ethambutol
- rifampin
53
How long should tuberculosis treatments be taken?
1-2 years consistently!!
54
Why have strains of tuberculosis become drug resistant? (2)
- patients not taking medicine
- patients using more than 1 drug at a time
55
How is tuberculosis prevented?
BCG vaccine (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin)
56
Describe the BCG Vaccine (4):
- avirulent strain of M. bovis
- given to high risk people
- cannot be given to adults or HIV+ patients
- good CMI
57
What is a tubercle?
small lump, characteristic of TB
58
What are tubercles made of?
Bacteria, infected macrophages & neutrophils
59
Where do tubercles reside early in a Tuberculosis infection?
The lungs
60
In a tuberculosis infection, what happens when an infected macrophage dies? (2)1
- releases the microbe
- forms a caseous center
61
What does caseous look like?
cottage cheese
62
Do caseous centers multiply?
No, dormant for years
63
Describe a caseous center (2):
- live bacteria in the center
- surrounded by WBCs
64
How can we see Ghon complexes on x-rays?
Caseous center deposits calcium = makes it viewable
65
What is liquefaction? (2)
- caseous center enlarges
- microbe multiplies
66
What can occur during liquefaction?
lesion can rupture = microbe enters tissues + blood
67
What is Miliary Tuberculosis?
system M. tuberculosis infection, bones, skin, various organs
68
How can we test for Tuberculosis?
Tuberculin Skin Test
69
What does the Tuberculin Skin Test look for?
Presence of CMI defense to M. tuberculosis
70
What causes a Tuberculin Skin Test to be positive? (2)
- person has had current/previous infection
- person immunized with BCG vaccine
71
Does the Tuberculin Skin Test indicate the disease is active?
No, only exposure
72
Where does M. tuberculosis live in the body?
Macrophages
73
How does M. tuberculosis prevent their death in the body?
Preventing fusion of phagosome with lysosome
74
How is the Tuberculin Skin Test administered? (2)
- PPD injected under skin
- check 48 hours later for change
75
What do the results of the Tuberculin Skin Test mean? (3)
- less than 5mm = negative
- 5mm -10mm = intermediate
- 10mm or greater = positive
76
In a Tuberculin Skin Test, what does the protein derived from TB bacteria react with?
T Cells
77
What other tests are used for Tuberculosis? (5)
- x-ray/CT scan
- acid-fast staining of sputum
- culturing of bacteria
- rapid blood test
- nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)
78
Which Tuberculosis Tests has the highest specificity and les cross-reactivity? (2)
- rapid blood test
- nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)
79
Where do most cases of Tuberculosis in the US come from? (2)
- immigrants
- AIDS patients
80
Describe M. avium & M/ intracellulare (MAI) (3):
- leading cause of death in AIDS
- found in birds & soils
- enter via respiratory tract
81
What promotes Tuberculosis? (4)
- malnutrition
- overcrowding
- stress
- HIV infection
82
What do Bacterial Pneumonias cause?
- inflammation of the lungs (bronchi & alveoli)
83
What are the Typical Pneumonias? (2)
- Streptococcus pneumonia
- Hemophilus influenzae
84
Describe Streptococcus pneumoniae (3):
- gram (+)
- diplococci
- encapsulated
85
What symptoms does Streptococcus pneumoniae cause? (4)
- shaking chills
- chest pain
- cough
- rusty sputum
86
What vaccine is available for Streptococcus pneumoniae?
- subunit vaccine (23 diff capsules)
87
Who is mainly affected by Streptococcus pneumoniae? (2)
- elderly
- people with lung disease
88
Describe Hemophilus influenzae (2):
- gram (-)
- bacilli
89
What are other bacteria that cause Bacterial Pneumoniae? (6)
- S. aureus
- S. pyogenes
- Moraxella catarrhalis
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Legionella pneumophila
90
What bacteria cause Atypical Pneumonias? (2)
- Mycoplasma
- Chlamydophila
91
Which bacteria is the most common Atypical Pneumonia?
Mycoplasma
92
What is another name for the pneumonia Mycoplasma causes?
walking pneumonia
93
How is pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma treated? (2)
- tetracycline
- erythromycin
94
Describe Mycoplasma (2):
- cell-wall less
- assumes many shapes
