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Microbiology Exam 4 > Diseases of the Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Diseases of the Respiratory Tract Flashcards

Chapter 24

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1
Q

What is the major pathway that microbes enter the body?

A

through the respiratory tract

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2
Q

What makes up the Upper Respiratory Tract? (3)

A
  • nose
  • pharynx
  • associated structures
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3
Q

What makes up the Lower Respiratory Tract? (3)

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • alveoli of lungs
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4
Q

What defenses does the Respiratory Tract have? (3)

A
  • ciliated mucous membranes
  • alveolar macrophages
  • IgA antibodies
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5
Q

What bacteria causes Strep Throat?

A

Streptococcus pyogens

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6
Q

What is another name for Strep Throat?

A

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

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7
Q

Describe Streptococcus pyogenes (4):

A
  • Group A beta hemolytic
  • gram (+)
  • coccus
  • GAS (80 serotypes_
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8
Q

What are other illnesses Streptococcus pyogenes can cause? (3)

A
  • impetigo
  • erysipelas
  • acute bacterial endocarditis
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9
Q

What are the symptoms of bacterial pharyngitis?

A

similar to viral pharyngitis

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10
Q

What can strep throat lead to? (2)

A
  • tonsillitis
  • otitis media
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11
Q

What can strep throat lead to if untreated? (2)

A
  • rheumatic fever
  • glomerulonephritis
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12
Q

What Virulence Factors does Streptococcus pyogenes have? (3)

A
  • M protein
  • streptokinase (lyses clots)
  • streptolysins (lyses WBCs, RBCs, tissues)
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13
Q

How is Strep Throat spread?

A

respiratory route

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14
Q

How is Strep Throat diagnosed? (3)

A
  • culture of throat swab
  • quick agglutination test
  • rapid enzyme immunoassay
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15
Q

How is Strep Throat treated?

A

Penicillin

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16
Q

What is Streptococcal Pharyngitis resistant to?

A

Phagocytosis

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17
Q

What bacteria causes Diptheria?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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18
Q

Describe Corynebacterium diphtheriae (4):

A
  • non-spore forming
  • gram (+)
  • pleomorphic
  • rod
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19
Q

How is diphtheria spread? (2)

A
  • respiratory route
  • droplets
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20
Q

Where does diphtheria replicate in?

A

Throat

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21
Q

What does diphtheria secrete?

A

exotoxins into blood

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22
Q

What encodes diphtheria’s exotoxin genes?

A

prophage (lysogenic conversion)

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23
Q

What does diphtheria exotoxins do?

A

inhibit protein synthesis in vital organs

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24
Q

What are the symptoms of Diphtheria? ()

A
  • sore throat
  • fever
  • weakness
  • grayish pseudomembrane covers throat
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25
Q

What is the pseudomembrane on throat caused by Diphtheria made of? (4)

A
  • microbes
  • fibrin
  • dead tissues
  • WBCs
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26
Q

What can the pseudomembrane caused by Diphtheria lead to?

A

suffocation (blocks air passage)

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27
Q

How is diphtheria prevented?

A

Vaccine (DTaP)

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28
Q

How is Diphtheria treated? (3)

A
  • penicillin
  • erythromycin
  • diphtheria antitoxin (neutralize toxins)
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29
Q

What viruses causes the common cold? (2)

A
  • rhinoviruses (30-50%)
  • coronaviruses (10-15%)
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30
Q

Describe Rhinoviruses (4):

A
  • picornaviridae
  • non-enveloped
  • single stranded
  • RNA
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31
Q

How many types of Rhinoviruses are there?

A

113 serological types

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32
Q

What vaccines are there for Rhinoviruses?

A

None

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33
Q

Describe Coronaviruses (4):

A
  • coronaviridae
  • enveloped
  • single stranded
  • RNA
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34
Q

What defenses does the body have against the common cold?

A

IgA antibodies

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35
Q

How is the common cold spread? (2)

A
  • respiratory route
  • hand transmission
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36
Q

What are the symptoms of a common cold? (4)

A
  • sneezing
  • nasal discharge
  • congestion
  • cough
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37
Q

What treatments are there for the common cold?

A

None

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38
Q

What bacteria causes Tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

39
Q

Describe Mycobacterium tuberculosis (4):

A
  • acid-fast
  • aerobic
  • gram (+)
  • rod
40
Q

What is the generation time for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

~20 hours (very slow)

41
Q

What are the cell walls of Mycobacterium tuberculosis made of?

A

Mycolic Acids

42
Q

What properties do Mycolic Acids have? (2)

A
  • resist drying & disinfectants
  • confers acid fast property
43
Q

What is the #1 cause of death in AIDS patients?

A

Tuberculosis (drug resistant strains)

44
Q

How is tuberculosis spread?

A

inhalation (lungs)

45
Q

How are Mycobacterium tuberculosis killed in the body?

A

phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages

46
Q

What happens if the Mycobacterium tuberculosis is not killed? (3)

A
  • live within macrophages
  • other macrophages sent to lungs
  • caseous area forms
47
Q

(T/F) Tuberculosis organisms can lie dormant in the center for years.

A

True

48
Q

What are Ghon Complexes?

A

healed tuberculosis lesions that form calcified nodules

49
Q

What are the symptoms of tuberculosis? (5)

A
  • fever
  • fatigue
  • coughing (hemoptysis)
  • weight loss
  • weakness
50
Q

What does hemoptysis mean?

A

coughing

51
Q

Is tuberculosis a chronic or acute disease?

A

chronic

52
Q

How is tuberculosis treated? (4)

A
  • streptomycin
  • INH (isoniazid)
  • ethambutol
  • rifampin
53
Q

How long should tuberculosis treatments be taken?

A

1-2 years consistently!!

54
Q

Why have strains of tuberculosis become drug resistant? (2)

A
  • patients not taking medicine
  • patients using more than 1 drug at a time
55
Q

How is tuberculosis prevented?

A

BCG vaccine (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin)

56
Q

Describe the BCG Vaccine (4):

A
  • avirulent strain of M. bovis
  • given to high risk people
  • cannot be given to adults or HIV+ patients
  • good CMI
57
Q

What is a tubercle?

A

small lump, characteristic of TB

58
Q

What are tubercles made of?

A

Bacteria, infected macrophages & neutrophils

59
Q

Where do tubercles reside early in a Tuberculosis infection?

A

The lungs

60
Q

In a tuberculosis infection, what happens when an infected macrophage dies? (2)1

A
  • releases the microbe
  • forms a caseous center
61
Q

What does caseous look like?

A

cottage cheese

62
Q

Do caseous centers multiply?

A

No, dormant for years

63
Q

Describe a caseous center (2):

A
  • live bacteria in the center
  • surrounded by WBCs
64
Q

How can we see Ghon complexes on x-rays?

A

Caseous center deposits calcium = makes it viewable

65
Q

What is liquefaction? (2)

A
  • caseous center enlarges
  • microbe multiplies
66
Q

What can occur during liquefaction?

A

lesion can rupture = microbe enters tissues + blood

67
Q

What is Miliary Tuberculosis?

A

system M. tuberculosis infection, bones, skin, various organs

68
Q

How can we test for Tuberculosis?

A

Tuberculin Skin Test

69
Q

What does the Tuberculin Skin Test look for?

A

Presence of CMI defense to M. tuberculosis

70
Q

What causes a Tuberculin Skin Test to be positive? (2)

A
  • person has had current/previous infection
  • person immunized with BCG vaccine
71
Q

Does the Tuberculin Skin Test indicate the disease is active?

A

No, only exposure

72
Q

Where does M. tuberculosis live in the body?

A

Macrophages

73
Q

How does M. tuberculosis prevent their death in the body?

A

Preventing fusion of phagosome with lysosome

74
Q

How is the Tuberculin Skin Test administered? (2)

A
  • PPD injected under skin
  • check 48 hours later for change
75
Q

What do the results of the Tuberculin Skin Test mean? (3)

A
  • less than 5mm = negative
  • 5mm -10mm = intermediate
  • 10mm or greater = positive
76
Q

In a Tuberculin Skin Test, what does the protein derived from TB bacteria react with?

A

T Cells

77
Q

What other tests are used for Tuberculosis? (5)

A
  • x-ray/CT scan
  • acid-fast staining of sputum
  • culturing of bacteria
  • rapid blood test
  • nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)
78
Q

Which Tuberculosis Tests has the highest specificity and les cross-reactivity? (2)

A
  • rapid blood test
  • nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)
79
Q

Where do most cases of Tuberculosis in the US come from? (2)

A
  • immigrants
  • AIDS patients
80
Q

Describe M. avium & M/ intracellulare (MAI) (3):

A
  • leading cause of death in AIDS
  • found in birds & soils
  • enter via respiratory tract
81
Q

What promotes Tuberculosis? (4)

A
  • malnutrition
  • overcrowding
  • stress
  • HIV infection
82
Q

What do Bacterial Pneumonias cause?

A
  • inflammation of the lungs (bronchi & alveoli)
83
Q

What are the Typical Pneumonias? (2)

A
  • Streptococcus pneumonia
  • Hemophilus influenzae
84
Q

Describe Streptococcus pneumoniae (3):

A
  • gram (+)
  • diplococci
  • encapsulated
85
Q

What symptoms does Streptococcus pneumoniae cause? (4)

A
  • shaking chills
  • chest pain
  • cough
  • rusty sputum
86
Q

What vaccine is available for Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A
  • subunit vaccine (23 diff capsules)
87
Q

Who is mainly affected by Streptococcus pneumoniae? (2)

A
  • elderly
  • people with lung disease
88
Q

Describe Hemophilus influenzae (2):

A
  • gram (-)
  • bacilli
89
Q

What are other bacteria that cause Bacterial Pneumoniae? (6)

A
  • S. aureus
  • S. pyogenes
  • Moraxella catarrhalis
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Legionella pneumophila
90
Q

What bacteria cause Atypical Pneumonias? (2)

A
  • Mycoplasma
  • Chlamydophila
91
Q

Which bacteria is the most common Atypical Pneumonia?

A

Mycoplasma

92
Q

What is another name for the pneumonia Mycoplasma causes?

A

walking pneumonia

93
Q

How is pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma treated? (2)

A
  • tetracycline
  • erythromycin
94
Q

Describe Mycoplasma (2):

A
  • cell-wall less
  • assumes many shapes

Microbiology Exam 4 (6 decks)

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