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Microbiology Exam 4 > Diseases of the Digestive System > Flashcards

Diseases of the Digestive System Flashcards

Chapter 25

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1
Q

How do microbes enter the digestive system?

A

fecal-oral route

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2
Q

What are examples of the fecal-oral route?

A

contaminated food & water (microbes + toxins)

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3
Q

How can we prevent microbes from entering
humans via the fecal-oral route? (3)

A
  • good sewage treatment
  • disinfection of drinking water
  • proper food handling & cooking
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4
Q

Describe the microbes found in the mouth:

A

over 400 species of normal flora

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5
Q

Describe the microbes and pH of the stomach and small intestines (2):

A
  • low pH
  • few microbes
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6
Q

The lower the pH….. (the < or > the microbes)

A

the less (<) microbes

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7
Q

Describe the microbes in the large intestine (3):

A
  • large # of bacteria
  • anaerobes
  • facultative anaerobes
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8
Q

What are the Bacterial Diseases of the Lower GI Tract? (4)

A
  • Staphylococcal Food Poisoning
  • Typhoid Fever
  • Cholera
  • Traveler’s Diarrhea (E. coli gastroenteritis)
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9
Q

What are the Viral Diseases of the Lower GI Tract? (2)

A
  • Hepatitis
  • Viral Gastroenteritis
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10
Q

Define Food Infection:

A

pathogen enters GI tract & multiplies

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11
Q

What happens if a microbe remains in the GI Tract?

A

infection becomes systemic

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12
Q

Define Food Intoxication:

A

ingestion of an exotoxin

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13
Q

What is another name for food intoxication?

A

food poisoning

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14
Q

What is another name for food poisoning?

A

food intoxication

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15
Q

Are symptoms in food intoxication caused by the microbe or by the toxin?

A

the toxin

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16
Q

What causes the symptoms of food poisoning?

A

the toxin

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17
Q

Define Gastroenteritis:

A

inflammation of stomach & intestinal mucosa

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18
Q

What are the common symptoms of microbes in the GI tract? (3)

A
  • diarrhea or dysentery (diarrhea with blood & mucus)
  • abdominal cramps
  • nausea, vomiting
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19
Q

Which Bacteria causes Staphylococcal Food Poisoning?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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20
Q

What is Staphylococcus aureus relatively resistant to?

A

drying

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21
Q

Describe Staphylococcus aureus (3):

A
  • found in nasal passages & skin lesions
  • tolerate high salt, organic compounds, & higher temps
  • grows in custards, creamy salad dressing, sauces, ham
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22
Q

What is the incubation time for Staphylococcal Food Poisoning?

A

~2-6 hours

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23
Q

What are the Symptoms of Staphylococcal Food Poisoning? (3)

A
  • diarrhea
  • stomach cramps
  • vomiting
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24
Q

How long does Staphylococcal Food Poisoning last in a healthy person?

A

24 hours

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25
Q

What does Staphylococcus aureus secrete?

A

an exotoxin that is an enterotoxin

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26
Q

What is an enterotoxin?

A

a toxin that affects the intestines

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27
Q

How are enterotoxins inactivated?

A

heat stabile: boil food 30 minutes

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28
Q

What Bacteria causes Salmonellosis?

A

Salmonella sp.

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29
Q

Describe Salmonella sp. (2):

A
  • gram (-)
  • rod
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30
Q

Where is Salmonella sp. found? (4)

A
  • intestines of many animals
  • eggs + egg products
  • poultry
  • pet reptiles (turtles & iguanas)
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31
Q

What does Salmonella enteritica cause?

A

salmonellosis

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32
Q

What does S. typhi cause?

A

typhoid fever

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33
Q

What bacteria causes Typhoid Fever?

A

S. typhi

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34
Q

How do we differentiate between different species of bacteria?

A

cell surface antigens

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35
Q

What is Vi Ag?

A

Capsule Ag

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36
Q

What is H Ag?

A

Flagella

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37
Q

What is the incubation period for a Food Infection?

A

12-36 hours

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38
Q

What are the steps of a Food Infection? (3)

A
  • microbe enters GI and epithelial cells lining intestines
  • multiplies within cells + enters lymphatics
  • moves to blood + other organs
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39
Q

What are the symptoms of Food Infection? (4)

A
  • fever
  • nausea
  • abdominal cramps
  • diarrhea
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40
Q

How long do Food Infections typically last?

A

a few days

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41
Q

What bacteria causes Typhoid Fever?

A

Salmonella typhi

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42
Q

Where is Salmonella typhi found?

A

In humans only (no animals)

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43
Q

What are the Virulence Factors of Salmonella typhi? (3)

A
  • endotoxins
  • can replicate within macrophages
  • can enter intestinal epithelial cells
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44
Q

How is Typhoid Fever spread? (2)

A
  • ingested
  • fecal-oral route
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45
Q

What is the incubation period for Typhoid Fever?

A

~2 weeks

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46
Q

What is the path that Typhoid Fever takes in the body? (4)

A
  • microbe enters intestines + penetrates intestinal lining
  • enters lymphatic
  • re-enters intestines + pierces intestinal wall leading to bleeding
  • microbe shed in feces
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47
Q

What are the Symptoms of Typhoid Fever? (4)

A
  • fever
  • weakness
  • “rose spots” on trunk
  • diarrhea (appears weeks later)
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48
Q

How long does Typhoid Fever last for?

A

2-3 weeks

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49
Q

Is Typhoid Fever fatal?

A

It can be because of internal bleeding (intestinal wall)

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50
Q

Who are the typical carriers of Typhoid Fever?

A

food handlers

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51
Q

Where is Typhoid Fever found in the human body?

A

Gallbladder (1-3%)

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52
Q

Who is an example of a Typhoid Fever Outbreak?

A

Typhoid Mary: asymptomatic food handler that caused various outbreaks

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53
Q

What are the Four F’s of Typhoid Fever?

A
  • Feces
  • Flies
  • Fingers
  • Food
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54
Q

How is Typhoid Fever Prevented? (3)

A
  • proper sewage treatment
  • proper water treatment
  • proper food handling
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55
Q

What Vaccines are available for Typhoid Fever? (2)

A
  • subunit vaccine
  • live oral vaccine
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56
Q

What bacteria causes Cholera?

A

Vibrio cholera

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57
Q

Describe Vibrio cholera (3):

A
  • gram (-)
  • rod (comma shaped)
  • high pH
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58
Q

What is the most common serotype of Vibrio cholera?

A

O:1

59
Q

What is O:1 serotype divided into?

A

2 major biovars (based on biochemical properties)

60
Q

What are the 2 biovars serotype O:1 is divided into?

A
  • El Tor (South America)
  • Classical
61
Q

How is Cholera spread? (2)

A
  • ingestion of contaminated water
  • improperly cooked seafood
62
Q

What is the path that Cholera takes in the body? ()

A
  • microbe enters intestines (stays there)
  • adheres to intestinal lining (exotoxin = choleragen)
63
Q

Is Cholera an invasive pathogen?

A

No

64
Q

Does Cholera release and endotoxin or an exotoxin?

A

Exotoxin

65
Q

What is the Exotoxin that Cholera releases?

A

Choleragen

66
Q

What does Choleragen do?

A
  • activates Adenyl Cyclase (enzyme): increases cAMP production
67
Q

What does Adenyl Cyclase do?

A

Increases cAMP production

68
Q

What is c-AMP?

A

increases secretion of chloride + bicarbonate out of blood into lumen of intestines

69
Q

What happens when sodium cannot leave intestines into blood?

A

Diarrhea

70
Q

What are the Symptoms of Cholera? (5)

A
  • vomiting
  • severe “rice water” diarrhea
  • coma
  • convulsion
  • fever
71
Q

What is the Incubation period for Cholera?

A

few hours - few days

72
Q

Why would someone die from Cholera?

A

Dehydration within 48 hours if untreated

73
Q

What Treatments are there for Cholera? (2)

A
  • replace electrolytes + water
  • tetracycline
74
Q

How is Cholera prevented? (2)

A
  • proper water treatment
  • proper food cooking + storage (seafood)
75
Q

What Vaccines are there for Cholera? (2)

A
  • killed cell vaccine (part of toxin)
  • oral vaccine (not very effective)
76
Q

What bacteria causes Traveler’s Diarrhea?

A

E. coli

77
Q

Describe E. coli (3):

A
  • facultative anaerobic
  • gram (-)
  • rod
78
Q

(T/F) E. coli is an Enterobacteriaceae

A

True

79
Q

(T/F) Most E. coli are pathogenic

A

False

80
Q

What do most pathogenic strains of E. coli contain?

A

Fimbriae (for attachment to intestinal cells)

81
Q

Do all E. coli produce toxins?

A

No, only some

82
Q

What are the symptoms of Enterotoxigenic E. coli?

A

watery diarrhea

83
Q

What is the major cause of Enterotoxigenic E. colli?

A

contaminated water

84
Q

Is Enterotoxigenic E. coli an invasive form?

A

No

85
Q

What type of E. coli is in Enterohemorrhagic E. coli?

A

serotype O158:h7

86
Q

What does Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) release?

A

enterotoxin = Shiga like toxin

87
Q

What is the cause of Enterohemorrhagic E. coli?

A

ingestion of undercooked meats or raw milk

88
Q

What is the path of Enterohemorrhagic E. coli?

A

Vero toxin -> hemorrhage -> dysentery

89
Q

What is dysentery?

A

bloody diarrhea

90
Q

What is the major reservoir for Enterohemorrhagic E. coli?

A

Cattle

91
Q

What is the major complication for Enterohemorrhagic E. coli?

A

hemolytic - uremic syndrome = leads to kidney failure

92
Q

What is Hepatitis?

A

inflammation fo the liver

93
Q

What are the 5 different types of hepatitis?

A
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • E
94
Q

Which virus causes Hepatitis A?

A

Picorna Virus (RNA)

95
Q

Which virus causes Hepatitis B?

A

Hepadna Virus (DNA)

96
Q

Which virus causes Hepatitis C?

A

Flaviviridae (RNA)

97
Q

What virus causes Hepatitis D?

A

(RNA)

98
Q

What virus causes Hepatitis C?

A

Caliciviridae (RNA)

99
Q

What is the second most frequent reported infectious disease in the U.S.?

A

Hepatitis

100
Q

Describe the Picorna Virus (5):

A
  • hepatitis A
  • naked
  • icosahedral
  • single stranded
  • RNA
101
Q

Where does the Picorna Virus replicate in?

A

the intestines

102
Q

Which Hepatitis is known as the infectious Hepatitis?

A

Hepatitis A

103
Q

How does Hepatitis A spread in the body?

A

intestines -> blood -> liver, spleen etc.

104
Q

How is Hepatitis A spread?

A

fecal-oral route

105
Q

What are the main causes of Hepatitis A? (2)

A
  • contaminated water
  • contaminated food (shellfish)
106
Q

How is Hepatitis A shed from the body?

A

through feces

107
Q

What are the Symptoms of Hepatitis A? (3)

A
  • fever
  • headache
  • jaundice
108
Q

What is the incubation period of Hepatitis A?

A

~ 2- 6 weeks

109
Q

Is Hepatitis A chronic or acute?

A

Acute

110
Q

What Vaccines are available for Hepatitis A?

A

killed vaccine (2 doses)

111
Q

Describe Hepadnaviridae (5):

A
  • hepatitis B
  • enveloped
  • icosahedral
  • double stranded
  • DNA
112
Q

Which Hepatitis is known as the Serum Hepatitis?

A

Hepatitis B

113
Q

How is Hepatitis B spread? (4)

A
  • sexual intercourse (anal/oral)
  • blood transfusions
  • contaminated needles
  • mother to child
114
Q

How is Hepatitis B spread in the body?

A

virus -> liver replicates (also lymphoid tissues)

115
Q

What are the Symptoms of Hepatitis B? (3)

A
  • fever
  • joint pain
  • loss of appetite (leads to jaundice)
116
Q

How long is the incubation period for Hepatitis B?

A

~4 - 26 weeks

117
Q

Hepatitis B is Chronic in what percent of infected people?

A

10%

118
Q

What characteristics do Chronic Carriers of Hepatitis B have? (2)

A
  • virus source
  • increased risk of liver cancer
119
Q

What is Hepatocellular carnicoma?

A

liver cancer

120
Q

What treatment is there for Hepatitis B?

A

alpha interferon

121
Q

How is Hepatitis B prevented?

A

recombinant subunit vaccine (surface antigen)

122
Q

Describe Flavivirdae (4):

A
  • hepatitis C
  • enveloped
  • icosahedral
  • RNA
123
Q

Which Hepatitis is known as the NANB (non-A, non-B virus) Hepatitis?

A

Hepatitis C

124
Q

How is Hepatitis C spread? (5)

A
  • transfusions
  • sexual
  • needles
  • razors
  • tattoo
125
Q

What are the Symptoms of Hepatitis C? (2)

A
  • milder than other hepatitis in acute form
  • causes high blood concentrations of alanine transferase
126
Q

What is the Incubation Period for Hepatitis C?

A

2 - 4 weeks and 8 - 12 weeks

127
Q

What percent of infected develop Chronic Hepatitis C?

A

50%

128
Q

What is the Treatment for Hepatitis C?

A

combination of antivirals for various months (too expensive)

129
Q

What Vaccines are there for Hepatitis C?

A

None (no immunity develops)

130
Q

Describe Hepatitis D Virus (3):

A
  • enveloped
  • RNA
  • defective
131
Q

Can Hepatitis D cause infection by itself?

A

No, must co-infect with HBV

132
Q

How is Hepatitis D spread?

A

similar to HBV

133
Q

What are the Symptoms of Hepatitis D?

A

intensifies symptoms of HBV

134
Q

What is the incubation period of Hepatitis D?

A

2 - 12 weeks

135
Q

What can HBV and HDV do together?

A

extensive liver damage + higher mortality rate

136
Q

Describe Caliciviridae (4):

A
  • Hepatitis E
  • naked
  • single stranded
  • RNA
137
Q

Which Hepatitis is known as the Infectious NANB Hepatitis?

A

Hepatitis E

138
Q

How is Hepatitis E spread?

A

fecal - oral route

139
Q

Where is Hepatitis E found?

A

areas with poor sanitation

140
Q

What are the Symptoms of Hepatitis E? (2)

A
  • similar to HAV
  • no chronic stage
141
Q

In what group is Hepatitis E virus more common in?

A

adults

142
Q

In what group does Hepatitis E have a higher mortality rate in?

A

pregnant women

143
Q

What Vaccines are there for Hepatitis E?

A

None (no immunity produced)

Microbiology Exam 4 (6 decks)

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