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Microbiology Exam 4 > Diseases of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Diseases of the Nervous System Flashcards

Chapter 22

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1
Q

What makes up the human nervous system? (2)

A
  • Central Nervous System
  • Peripheral Nervous System
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2
Q

What makes up the Central Nervous System? (2)

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal Cord
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3
Q

What is meningitis?

A

Inflammation of the meninges

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4
Q

What are meninges?

A

Protective covering of brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What is encephalitis?

A

Infection of the brain

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6
Q

What are the symptoms of meningitis? (6)

A
  • headache
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • stiff neck
  • convulsions
  • coma
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7
Q

(T/F) Meningitis has a low mortality rate

A

False

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8
Q

What causes meningitis? (4)

A
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • fungi
  • protozoa
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9
Q

Which type of meningitis infection is nonfatal?

A

Virus Cases

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10
Q

How are bacterial meningitis infections transmitted?

A

Via respiratory route

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11
Q

What Bacteria cause a Meningitis infection? (4)

A
  • Streptococcus agalactiae
  • Hemophilus influenzae type B
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Neisseria meningitidis
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12
Q

Describe Streptococcus agalactiae (4):

A
  • beta hemolytic group b
  • gram (+) coccus
  • most common causes of neonatal meningitis
  • acquired from mother’s birth canal
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13
Q

What Bacteria is the most common cause of neonatal meningitis?

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

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14
Q

How is neonatal meningitis acquired?

A

From mother’s birth canal

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15
Q

Describe Hemophilus influenzae (3):

A
  • encapsulated (6 types)
  • gram (-) rod
  • leading cause of mental retardation
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16
Q

Which capsule type of Hemophilus influenzae is the most virulent?

A

Type B. Hib

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17
Q

Before the vaccine, how virulent was Meningitis caused by Hemophilus influenzae?

A

45-66% cases in children 6 months - 5 years of age

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18
Q

How fatal is Hemophilus influenzae Meningitis?

A

~1/3 of treated cases

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19
Q

What Bacterial Meningitis causes mental retardation?

A

Hemophilus influenzae

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20
Q

What vaccine is there for Hemophilus influenzae Meningitis?

A

Hib vaccine

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21
Q

Describe the Hib Vaccine (3):

A
  • H. influenzae type b
  • subunit vaccine
  • reduces infection drastically
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22
Q

What is the DOC for Hemophilus influenzae Meningitis?

A

Third generation cephalosporins

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23
Q

Describe Streptococcus pneumoniae (4):

A
  • encapsulated
  • alpha hemolytic
  • gram (+)
  • diplococcus
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24
Q

What % of all pneumonias is caused by Streptococci pneumoniae?

A

80% (6 months - 6 years of age)

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25
Q

What is the mortality rate of Streptococci pneumoniae Meningitis in elderly?

A

80%

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26
Q

What is the mortality rate of Streptococci pneumoniae Meningitis in children?

A

30%

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27
Q

What vaccine is there for Streptococci pneumoniae?

A
  • capsule conjugated vaccine (subunit conjugated)
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28
Q

What 2 groups should get the vaccine for Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A
  • children under 2
  • elderly
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29
Q

What is the DOC of Streptococcus pneumoniae? (2)

A
  • penicillin
  • 3rd generation cephalosporins
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30
Q

Describe Neisseria Meningitis (3):

A
  • gram (-)
  • diplococcus
  • aka meningococcal meningitis
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31
Q

Where is Hemophilus influenzae found?

A

Normal nasopharynx flora

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32
Q

Where does Hemophilus influenzae travel to cause Meningitis?

A

Normal Nasopharynx Flora -> Blood -> Meninges

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33
Q

Where is Streptococcus pneumonia found?

A

Normal nasopharynx flora

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34
Q

Where does Streptococcus travel to cause Meningitis?

A

Normal nasopharynx flora -> Blood -> Meninges

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35
Q

Where is Neisseria meningitidis found?

A

Nasopharynx

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36
Q

Where does Neisseria meningitidis travel to cause meningitis?

A

Nasopharynx -> Blood -> CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

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37
Q

What symptoms do Neisseria meningitidis cause? (6)

A
  • fever
  • weakness
  • headache
  • stiff neck
  • convulsions
  • rash on abdomen
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38
Q

What causes the symptoms of Neisseria meningitidis?

A

Endotoxins

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39
Q

What is the mortality rate of Neisseria meningitidis?

A

~80% (untreated cases)

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40
Q

What locations are prone to having Neisseria meningitidis cases? (3)

A
  • crowded enclosed spaces
  • dorms
  • military barracks
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41
Q

What are the virulence factors of Neisseria meningitidis? (4)

A
  • endotoxins
  • fimbriae
  • IgA protease
  • capsules (6 types)
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42
Q

What do endotoxins do?

A

Cause fever and shock (death)

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43
Q

What does Fimbriae aid with?

A

Adherence

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44
Q

What does IgA protease do?

A

Degrades IgA

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45
Q

What do the capsules of Neisseria meningitidis help with?

A

Resisting phagocytosis (antiphagocytic)

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46
Q

What vaccines are there for Neisseria meningitidis? (3)

A
  • subunit
  • conjugated
  • capsular polysaccharides
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47
Q

What bacteria causes Tetanus?

A

Clostridium tetani

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48
Q

What is another name for Tetanus?

A

Lockjaw

49
Q

Describe Clostridium tetani (4):

A
  • gram (+)
  • spore forming
  • anaerobic
  • rod
50
Q

Where is Clostridium tetani found? (3)

A
  • soil
  • animal GI tracts
  • old, dirty, rusting objects
51
Q

How does Clostridium tetani spore enter the body?

A

Through cuts/deep puncture wounds

52
Q

What needs to happen for Clostridium tetani spores to germinate in a wound?

A

No oxygen can be present

53
Q

What is Tetanus neonatorum?

A

Tetanus in newborns

54
Q

What causes Tetanus neonatorum?

A
  • nonsterile instruments being used to cut the umbilical cord
55
Q

How does Tetanus neonatorum enter a newborn baby?

A

Through the cut stump of umbilical cord

56
Q

What virulence factor does Clostridium tetani have?

A

A plasmid that makes tetanospasmin

57
Q

What is tetanospasmin?

A

Neurotoxin that causes muscles spasms (Spastic Paralysis)

58
Q

What causes the symptoms of Clostridium tetani?

A

The neurotoxin (bacteria cannot spread in body)

59
Q

What does tetanospasmin do?

A

Stops nerve impulses at nerve-nerve junctions

60
Q

What vaccine is available for Clostridium tetani?

A

DTaP (tetanus toxoid)

61
Q

How often does someone need to get their DTaP booster?

A

Every 10 years

62
Q

What treatments are there for Clostridium tetani?

A

Administering tetanus immunoglobin

63
Q

What are the Viral Diseases of the Nervous System? (3)

A
  • Poliomyelitis
  • Rabies
  • Arthropod-Borne Encephalitis
64
Q

What is poliomyelitis also called?

A

Polio

65
Q

Describe Poliomyelitis (5):

A
  • member of picornaviridae
  • small, naked
  • icosahedral
  • single stranded
  • (+) RNA
66
Q

What does the polio virus tend to attack? (3)

A
  • motor neurons
  • spinal cord
  • brain
67
Q

What is the polio virus resistant against? (1)

A
  • drying (viable for long periods of time in food and water)
68
Q

What are the reservoirs for polio?

A

Only humans

69
Q

Are there different types of polio?

A

Yes, 3 serotypes (all antigenic)

70
Q

How is polio transmitted to others? (2)

A
  • oral-fecal route
  • pharyngeal secretions
71
Q

Where is polio virus acquired?

A

Through GI tract

72
Q

Where does polio multiply in the body? (2)

A
  • small intestines
  • throat
73
Q

Where are viral particles of polio shed?

A

Feces

74
Q

What does the polio virus invade? (2)

A
  • blood
  • lymph nodes
75
Q

Symptoms of polio (4):

A
  • MOST asymptomatic
  • headache
  • sore throat
  • high fever
76
Q

What type of infection can polio cause?

A

CNS infection (less than 1%)

77
Q

What happens in a CNS infection? (2)

A
  • flaccid paralysis (asymmetric)
  • death to respiratory system paralysis
78
Q

What vaccines are available for Polio? (2)

A
  • Salk Vaccine
  • Sabin Vaccine
79
Q

Describe the Salk Vaccine (3):

A
  • inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)
  • injection + booster required
  • no IgA immunity
80
Q

Describe the Sabin Vaccine (3):

A
  • oral polio vaccine (OPV)
  • attenuated virus vaccine
  • IgA immunity produced
81
Q

Where are the remaining reservoirs of polio currently located in? (2)

A
  • Parts of Africa
  • Parts of Asia
82
Q

What virus causes Rabies?

A

Rhabdoviridae

83
Q

Describe Rhabdoviridae (5):

A
  • enveloped
  • helical
  • (-) RNA
  • single stranded
  • bullet shaped
84
Q

How is rabies spread?

A

Exposure to infected animals (biting/handling)

85
Q

Which animals are prone to rabies? (6)

A
  • dogs
  • foxes
  • raccoons
  • skunks
  • cats
  • bats
86
Q

Where does the rabies virus replicate?

A

In the skin/muscle -> peripheral nerves to CNS

87
Q

What happens when rabies infects the CNS?

A

Leads to fatal encephalitis

88
Q

How long is the incubation time for rabies?

A

13 days - 2 years (usually 30-50 days)

89
Q

What are the symptoms of rabies? (6)

A
  • agitation
  • mouth spasms
  • salivation
  • hydrophobia
  • convulsions
  • coma
90
Q

Is rabies always treatable?

A

No! Must be treated before symptoms appear

91
Q

How is rabies diagnosed? (2)

A
  • presence of viral Ag (saliva, serum, CSF)
  • presence of virus in brain slices (negri bodies)
92
Q

How is rabies treated? (2)

A
  • HRIG (human rabies immunoglobulin)
  • rabies vaccine
93
Q

What is the rabies vaccine?

A

HDCV = human diploid cell vaccine

94
Q

Describe HDCV (1):

A
  • inactivated viral vaccine (days 0, 3,, 7, 14)
95
Q

Which groups of people are given the rabies vaccine frequently? (2)

A
  • laboratory workers
  • animal handlers
96
Q

What is one of the unique vaccination traits about rabies?

A

You can vaccinate post exposure

97
Q

How is rabies prevented? (1)

A

Vaccinating domestic + wild animals

98
Q

What causes Arthropod-borne viral diseases?

A

Togaviruses

99
Q

What is Arthropod-borne encephalitis?

A

Brain infection

100
Q

Describe Togaviruses (4):

A
  • enveloped
  • icosahedral
  • (+) RNA
  • single stranded
101
Q

How are togaviruses transmitted?

A

Via arthropod vectors

102
Q

What are examples of arthropod vector? (4)

A
  • mosquitoes
  • ticks
  • flies
  • gnats
103
Q

Where in the world are Arthropod-borne Viral Diseases common in? (2)

A
  • tropics
  • subtropics
104
Q

Symptoms of a togavirus (6):

A
  • mild chills
  • headache
  • fever
  • mental confusion
  • coma
  • death
105
Q

What are 3 types of arthropod viruses?

A
  • Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
  • Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE)
  • West Nile Encephalitis (mosquitoes)
106
Q

Describe the West Nile Virus ():

A
  • flavivirdae family
  • RNA (+)
  • single stranded
107
Q

What are the carriers of the West Nile Virus? (4)

A
  • birds
  • horses
  • humans
  • other vertebrates
108
Q

What cycle maintains the West Nile Virus?

A

bird-mosquito-bird cycle

109
Q

How is the West Nile Virus transmitted? (2)

A
  • bite of mosquito
  • (implications) breast milk + blood transfusions
110
Q

What are the symptoms of the West Nile Virus?

A

Mild Flu-Like symptoms

111
Q

What happens to immunocompromised people with the West Nile Virus?

A

Causes encephalitis

112
Q

Describe the Zika Virus Disease (3):

A
  • flaviviridae family
  • single stranded
  • RNA
113
Q

How is the Zika Virus spread? (4)

A
  • bite of infected mosquitoes (primary)
  • sexual
  • mother to child
  • blood transfusions
114
Q

What occurs if pregnant mother gets the Zika virus?

A

Increases risk of microcephaly in infant

115
Q

What is microcephaly?

A

Small head

116
Q

What percent of people infected with the Zika Virus display mild symptoms?

A

20%

117
Q

How is the Zika Virus diagnosed?

A

Reverse Transcriptase PCR

118
Q

How is the Zika Virus Prevented?

A

Controlling mosquitoes

Microbiology Exam 4 (6 decks)

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