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Microbiology Exam 4 > Diseases of the Skin > Flashcards

Diseases of the Skin Flashcards

Chapter 21

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1
Q

What is an important physical barrier to infections?

A

Intact Skin

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2
Q

What are other important physical barriers to infections? (3)

A
  • Epidermis
  • Mucous Membranes
  • Eyes
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3
Q

(T/F) Eyes have normal flora

A

False

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4
Q

What causes infections? (4)

A
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • fungi
  • parasites
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5
Q

What two bacteria cause the most common superficial skin infections?

A
  • Staphylococcal
  • Streptococcus
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6
Q

Is normal flora Gram (+) or Gram (-) ?

A

Primarily Gram (+)

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7
Q

Give examples of Normal Flora (5):

A
  • Staphylococcus
  • Micrococcus
  • Diptheroids
  • Propionibacterium acnes
  • Corynebacterium xerosis
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8
Q

Describe Diptheroids (2):

A
  • Gram (+)
  • Pleomorphic rods
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9
Q

What does pleomorphic mean?

A

Can change shape and size

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10
Q

What on the skin contains nutrients? (2)

A
  • perspiration
  • sebum
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11
Q

What on the skin inhibits microbes/pathogens? (2)

A
  • salt
  • fatty acids (some)
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12
Q

What does lysozyme do?

A

Hydrolyzes peptidoglycan

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13
Q

Define Vesicles:

A

Small, fluid-filled lesions

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14
Q

Define Bullae:

A

Vesicles larger than 1 cm in diameter

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15
Q

Define Macules:

A

Flat, reddened lesions

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16
Q

Define Papules:

A

Raised Lesions

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17
Q

Define Pustules

A

Raised lesions with pus

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18
Q

Define Exanthem:

A

Skin rash arising from a disease

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19
Q

Define Enanthem:

A

Rash on mucous membranes arising from a disease

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20
Q

Describe Staphylococcal Infections (2):

A
  • Gram +
  • coccus (grape-like clusters)
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21
Q

What virulence factors do Staphylococcal Infections have? (5)

A
  • Coagulase
  • Leukocidin
  • Exfoliative Exotoxins
  • Enterotoxins
  • Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin
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22
Q

What does Coagulase do?

A

Clots blood plasma (protects against phagocytosis)

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23
Q

What does Coagulase protects pathogens from?

A

Phagocytosis

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24
Q

What does Leukocidin do?

A

Destroys phagocytes

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25
Q

What does Exfoliative Exotoxins do?

A

Cause Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSS)

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26
Q

What do Enterotoxins cause?

A

Food Poisoning (Later)

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27
Q

Describe Staphylococcus aureus (2):

A
  • (Most) Coagulase Positive
  • (Most) Pathogenic
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28
Q

How does Staphylococcus aureus enter the body? (3)

A
  • nasal passages
  • hair follicles
  • skin abrasions (enters blood)
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29
Q

What diseases does Staphylococcus aureus cause? (5)

A
  • Folliculitis
  • Boils
  • Sty
  • Carbuncles
  • Impetigo
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30
Q

What is Folliculitis?

A

Pimples, pustules

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31
Q

What are other names for boils? (2)

A
  • Furuncles
  • Abscesses
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32
Q

What are Boils?

A

Deeper, pus-filled infection

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33
Q

What are Stys?

A

Infection at base of an eyelash

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34
Q

What are Carbuncles?

A

Deeper infection, progressively invasive

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35
Q

Describe Carbuncles (4):

A
  • usually encapsulated
  • no circulation
  • many are MRSA (methicillin resistant)
  • harder to treat
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36
Q

What is Impetigo?

A

Highly contagious, crusty lesions

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37
Q

Describe Toxic Shock Syndrome (3)

A
  • life threatening
  • occurs in menstruating women (highly absorbent tampons)
  • strain that produces and exotoxin (TSST-1)
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38
Q

What are the Symptoms of Toxic Shock Syndrome? (6)

A
  • fever
  • sun burn rash
  • vomiting
  • decreases in blood pressure (leads to…)
  • shock
  • death
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39
Q

Describe Staphylococcus epidermidis (2):

A
  • coagulase negative strain
  • mainly normal flora
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40
Q

Describe Streptococcal Infections (3):

A
  • gram (+)
  • coccus (grows in chains)
  • divided into 3 groups (hemolysins)
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41
Q

What are the three hemolysins? (3)

A
  • Alpha
  • Beta
  • Gamma
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42
Q

Describe Alpha Hemolytic:

A

Partial RBC breakdown

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43
Q

Describe Beta Hemolytic:

A

Complete RBC breakdown

44
Q

Describe Gamma Hemolytic:

A

No RBC breakdown

45
Q

Which hemolysin is the most pathogenic?

A

Beta Hemolytic

46
Q

What are Beta Hemolytic further divided into?

A

Groups A-T

47
Q

Which Beta Hemolytic Group causes the most disease?

A

Group A Streptococci (GAS)

48
Q

What is an example of a Group A Streptococci (GAS)?

A

Streptococci pyogenes

49
Q

What differentiates S. pyogenes?

A

M Protein

50
Q

What are the virulence factors of Streptococcal Infections? (8)

A
  • Hemolysins
  • M Protein
  • Erythrogenic toxin
  • DNAse
  • Streptokinase
  • Hyaluronidase
  • Leukocidins
  • Capsules
51
Q

What known diseases are Streptococcal Infections? (3)

A
  • Erysipelas
  • Impetigo
  • Necrotizing fasciitis
52
Q

Describe Necrotizing Fasciitis (5)

A
  • Group A Streptococci (Beta Hemolytic)
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Highly invasive infection
  • Strains produce enzymes
  • Reach deeper tissues (damage/destroy muscles)
53
Q

In simple terms, what is Necrotizing Fasciitis?

A

Flesh eating bacteria

54
Q

What enzymes do strains of Necrotizing Fasciitis produce? (3)

A
  • hyaluronidase
  • protease
  • streptokinase
55
Q

How is Necrotizing Fasciitis treated? (2)

A
  • Surgical removal of infected tissues
  • IV antibiotic therapy
56
Q

What are examples of Viral Skin Diseases? (6)

A
  • German Measles (Rubella)
  • Measles (Rubeola)
  • Chickenpox & Shingles
  • Smallpox
  • Warts (HPV)
  • Herpes Simplex
57
Q

Describe Warts (3):

A
  • Human papilloma virus (HPV)
  • Most are benign skin tumors
  • Found on fingers, larynx, genitals
58
Q

Describe the Human Papilloma Virus (3):

A
  • Double Stranded
  • DNA
  • Non-enveloped
59
Q

How is HPV spread? (2)

A

Direct Contact
- Humans or Fomites
- Sexually Transmitted (Genital Warts)

60
Q

How is HPV treated? (3)

A
  • Freezing (liquid nitrogen)
  • Burning (Acids)
  • Laser Therapy
61
Q

Describe Smallpox (4):

A
  • Poxviridae
  • Double stranded
  • DNA
  • Enveloped
62
Q

What are the two forms of Poxviridae?

A
  • Variola Major (20% die)
  • Variola Minor (~1% die)
63
Q

How is smallpox spread?

A

Respiratory route -> Blood -> Skin

64
Q

How many incubation days for smallpox?

A

12 days

65
Q

What cells does smallpox infect? (3)

A
  • phagocytic cells
  • blood cells
  • skin (face then trunk)
66
Q

What is a systemic infection?

A

One in the bloodstream

67
Q

What is viremia?

A

Virus in the bloodstream

68
Q

When was smallpox eradicated?

A

1980

69
Q

How was smallpox eradicated? (2)

A
  • vaccination (live attenuated vaccine)
  • humans are only carriers (reservoir)
70
Q

What virus causes chickenpox?

A

Varicella

71
Q

What virus cases shingles?

A

Zoster

72
Q

Describe Chickenpox & Shingles (4):

A
  • Highly Contagious
  • may remain in a latent stage
  • causes small, irregular skin lesions
  • Varicella-Zoster
73
Q

Describe Varicella-Zoster Virus (3):

A
  • Double Stranded
  • DNA
  • Enveloped
74
Q

How are Chickenpox and Shingles spread?

A

Respiratory Route -> Blood -> Skin

75
Q

How many incubation days for Chickenpox & Shingles?

A

14-16 days

76
Q

Where are Chickenpox & Shingles latent in?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

77
Q

What is shingles the result of?

A

Reactivation of Latent VZV

78
Q

Can someone who’s never had chickenpox get shingles?

A

No! You can only get shingles if you have had chickenpox beforehand

79
Q

What reactivates Chickenpox/Shingles? (2)

A
  • stress
  • immune deficiency
80
Q

What are treatments for Chickenpox/Shingles?

A

Acyclovir

81
Q

What vaccines are available for Chickenpox/Shingles? (2)

A
  • Varivax
  • Shingrex
82
Q

Describe the Varivax Vaccine (2):

A
  • Attenuated Live
  • Recommended for young children (12-24 months)
83
Q

Describe the Shingrex Vaccine (2):

A
  • subunit vaccine (parts of viral envelope)
  • over 50 years
  • prevents shingles
84
Q

Describe Measles (Rubeola) (5):

A
  • Highly Contagious
  • Paramyxoviridae
  • Humans are the only reservoir
  • Macular Skin Rash (face -> trunk)
  • Koplik’s Spots
85
Q

Describe Paramyxoviridae

A
  • (-) RNA
  • Enveloped
86
Q

How are Measles (Rubeola) spread?

A

Respiratory Route

87
Q

How many incubation days for Measles (Rubeola)?

A

10-12 days

88
Q

What are the symptoms for measles? (3)

A
  • Runny Nose
  • Fever
  • Sore Throat
89
Q

What are Koplik’s Spots?

A

Small, raised, red spots with white center on oral mucosa

90
Q

Where are Koplik’s Spots found?

A

On oral mucosa

91
Q

What complications occur with Rubeola?

A

Ear infections - Severe Pneumonia

92
Q

What form of measles is fatal?

A

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)

93
Q

How common is SSPE?

A

Very Rare

94
Q

What vaccines are there for Rubeola?

A

MMR (measles mumps rubeola) vaccine

95
Q

Describe the MMR Vaccine (3):

A
  • 1963
  • live attenuated vaccine
  • given at 15-18 months of age
96
Q

Describe Rubella (German Measles) (3):

A
  • Togaviridae
  • Mild
  • Skin Rash
97
Q

Describe Togaviridae (3):

A
  • (+) RNA
  • Enveloped
  • Causes Exanthema
98
Q

What is Exanthema?

A

Skin Rash

99
Q

How is Rubella spread?

A

Respiratory Route -> Skin

100
Q

How long is the incubation period for German Measles?

A

2-3 weeks

101
Q

What does Rubella cause?

A

Small macular rash (not raised) with fever

102
Q

What complications can occur with Rubella?

A

Encephalitis (may be fatal)

103
Q

When can complications with Rubella occur?

A

First trimester of pregnancy (Congenital Rubella)

104
Q

What is Congenital Rubella?

A

Maternal infection with Rubella Virus during pregnancy

105
Q

What vaccine is there for German Measles?

A

MMR Vaccine

106
Q

What does Congenital Rubella Syndrome cause? (2)

A
  • Severe Fetal Damage
  • Death
107
Q

How can Congenital Rubella be prevented?

A

Through Vaccination

Microbiology Exam 4 (6 decks)

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