Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System Flashcards
Chapter 23
1
Q
What is Septicemia?
A
Presence of pathogens/toxins in blood causing acute illness
2
Q
What is Sepsis?
A
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
3
Q
What is Lymphangitis?
A
Inflamed lymph vessels
4
Q
What is Severe Sepsis?
A
Decreased blood pressure + dysfunction of at least one organ
5
Q
What is Septic Shock?
A
Sepsis + uncontrollable decreased blood pressure
6
Q
What are the Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular + Lymphatic System? (4)
A
- Septicemia
- Plague
- Lyme Disease
- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
7
Q
What are the Viral Diseases of the Cardiovascular + Lymphatic System? (2)
A
- Infection Mononucleosis
- Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
8
Q
What are the Protozoal Diseases of the Cardiovascular + Lymphatic System? (1)
A
- Malaria
9
Q
Describe Septicemia:
A
- uncontrolled replication of bacteria in blood
10
Q
Describe Sepsis (2):
A
- systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS): release of inflammatory mediators in the bloodstream
- 1/3 nosocomial infections
11
Q
How fast are nosocomial infections caught?
A
Within 24 hours of surgery
12
Q
What is the mortality rate for nosocomial infections post surgery?
A
50-70% in USA
13
Q
How do microbes enter the bloodstream? (2)
A
- wounds
- hospital procedures
14
Q
Describe bacteremia:
A
Transient presence of bacteria in blood
15
Q
Describe Lymphangitis (3):
A
- inflammation of lymph nodes
- sign of septicemia
- red streaks under skin
16
Q
How does a gram (-) microbe cause septicemia?
A
Due to endotoxin release
17
Q
What gram (-) microbes cause septicemia? (6)
A
- E. coli
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Enterobacter aeroginus
- Klebsiella
- Proteus
- Serratia
18
Q
How does a gram (+) bacteria cause septicemia? (2)
A
- due to exotoxins (toxic shock syndrome)
- more common
19
Q
What gram (+) microbes cause septicemia? (3)
A
- staphylococcus
- streptococcus
- enterococcus
20
Q
What 2 things accompany lymphangitis?
A
- septicemia
- septic shock
21
Q
What other names are there for the plague? (2)
A
- black death
- bubonic plague
22
Q
Was the bubonic plague caused by a bacteria or virus?
A
Bacteria
23
Q
What bacteria caused the plague?
A
Yersinia pestis
24
Q
Describe Yersinia pestis (3):
A
- caused the plague
- gram (-)
- rod
25
Which animals carry Yersinia pestis? (4)
- infected rats
- prairie dogs
- chipmunks
- squirrels
26
How was the plague transmitted?
From rat to rat through rat fleas
27
What are the virulence factors of Yersinia pestis? (4)
- capsules
- coagulase
- endotoxin
- surface antigens (2)
28
What do the surface antigens of Yersinia pestis do?
Resist Phagocytosis
29
(T/F) Yersinia pestis can replicate within a phagocyte.
True
30
Where does Yersinia pestis multiply in the body? (2)
- lymph
- blood
31
What kind of disease is the plague?
Zoonotic
32
How is the plague spread? (3)
- flea
- minor skin abrasions
- handling animals (rats)
33
Describe the bubonic plague (2):
- buboes
- high mortality rate
34
What are Buboes?
Swollen lymph nodes of groin & armpit
35
What is the mortality rate of the bubonic plague?
50-75%
36
What is the Septicemic Plague?
Microbe leaves lymphatics and enters the blood
37
What does the Septicemic Plague cause? (4)
- hemorrhage
- necrosis
- meningitis
- pneumonia
38
What is the Pneumonic Plague?
Microbe enters the lungs via inhalation
39
How fatal is the Pneumonic Plague?
Within a few days
40
How is the plague treated? (2)
- streptomycin
- tetracycline
41
How are plagues prevented?
Killing fleas
42
What Vaccines are there for plagues?
- killed Yersinia pestis
43
What plague does the Y. pestis vaccine target?
Bubonic Plague
44
Which plague is not affected by the Y. pestis vaccine?
Pneumonic Plague
45
What kind of disease is Septicemia?
Bacterial
46
What kind of disease is Plague?
Bacterial
47
What kind of disease is Lyme Disease?
Bacterial
48
What kind of disease is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
Bacterial
49
What kind of disease is Infectious Mononucleosis?
Viral
50
What kind of disease is Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?
Viral
51
What kind of disease is Malaria?
Protozoal
52
What bacteria causes Lyme Disease?
Borrelia burgdorferi
53
Describe Borrelia burgdorferi (2):
- causes Lyme Disease
- common tick born disease
54
What are the reservoirs for Lyme Disease? (2)
- white-footed field mouse
- deer
55
What are the symptoms of Lyme Disease? (8)
- bulls-eye rash
- flu-like symptoms
- heart abnormalities
- neurological symptoms
- meningitis
- encephalitis
- facial paralysis
- arthritic symptoms
56
What causes the symptoms of Lyme Disease?
The immune system
57
How is Lyme Disease spread?
Bite of deer tick (Ixodes)
58
How is Lyme Disease treated? (2)
- penicillin
- tetracycline
59
When should treatment be administered for Lyme Disease?
During the early stages
60
What happens in the first phase of Lyme Disease?
Bulls-eye rash
61
What happens in the second phase of Lyme Disease? (2)
- irregular heartbeat
- encephalitis
62
What happens in the third phase of Lyme Disease?
Arthritis
63
What bacteria causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
Rickettsia rickettsii
64
Where is Rickettsia rickettsii found?
Appalachian Mountains
65
How is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever spread?
From tick to tick
66
How do ticks become infected with Rickettsia rickettsii?
Transovarian passage (via eggs/ovaries of arthropods)
67
What are the symptoms of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever? (5)
- rash (petechiae) on body + palms & feet sole
- fever
- chills
- headache
- can be fatal (kidney/heart failure)
68
What are petechiae?
Small red spots
69
How is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever treated? (2)
- tetracycline
- chloramphenicol
70
What vaccine is there for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
None
71
What causes Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?
Ebola Virus
72
Describe the Ebola Virus (7):
- filoviridae
- enveloped
- helical
- (-) RNA
- single stranded
- filamentous viruses
- unusual variability of shape
73
What is Ebola hemorrhagic Fever's reservoir?
Not known
74
How does the Ebola Virus enter the body?
Through minor abrasions in the skin, eyes, nose, mouth, or genitalia
75
What is the mortality rate of Ebola Zaire?
88%
76
What is the mortality rate of Ebola Sudan?
51%
77
(T/F) Ebola Reston is pathogenic in humans.
False
78
How is Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever spread? (3)
contact with infected
- blood + body fluids
- objects
- fruit bats/primates
79
(T/F) Ebola is not transmitted by air, food, or water.
True
80
How long is the incubation period for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?
2-21 days (8-10 days average)
81
What does the Ebola virus infect and replicate in? (4)
- macrophages
- dendritic cells
- hepatocytes
- epithelial cells
82
What are the symptoms of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever? (9)
- fever
- muscle aches
- sore throat
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- conjunctivitis
- pharyngitis
- macular rash
- hemorrhaging (internal & external)
83
What treatment is there for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever? (4)
- No treatment
- Supportive therapy
- blood transfusions
- immunoglobulin infusions
84
How many years of immunity will a patient who has recovered from Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever have?
10 years of immunity
85
Do people continue to shed the Ebola virus post recovery?
Yes, 2-3 months in semen post recovery
86
What vaccines are there for Ebola?
None
87
How can we prevent the spread of Ebola? (5)
- personal protective equipment (PPE)
- proper sterilization
- isolating patients with Ebola
- avoid contact with dead infected bodies
- not handling infected items
88
Who are at highest risk of contracting Ebola? (2)
- health professionals
- family members
89
What protozoan causes Malaria?
Plasmodium sp.
90
What four diseases cause Plasmodium sp.?
- P. vivax
- P. malariae
- P. ovale
- P. falciparum
91
Which Plasmodium is the most common, serious, and malignant Malaria?
Plasmodium falciparum
92
What does Plasmodium falciparum cause? (4)
- RBC distorted
- clog capillaries
- loss of blood supply
- tissue death
93
Where is Malaria the most prevelant?
Endemic in most tropical areas (Africa & Central + South America)
94
How is Malaria spread?
Through mosquitoes
95
What are Anopheles?
Mosquitoes
96
What path does Malaria take through the body?
blood -> liver -> infects RBC (lysed)
97
What are the symptoms of Malaria? (5)
- fever
- chills
- nausea
- vomiting
- sweats
98
When do Malaria symptoms appear after caught?
2-3 day intervals (recover -> recur)
99
What treatments are there for Malaria? (3)
- quinine
- primaquine
- chloroquine
100
How has Malaria adapted?
Drug-resistant strains are emerging (artemisinin-resistant)
101
What are the vaccines for Malaria?
- trial vaccine (S subunit given to children)
