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Microbiology Exam 4 > Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System Flashcards

Chapter 23

1
Q

What is Septicemia?

A

Presence of pathogens/toxins in blood causing acute illness

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2
Q

What is Sepsis?

A

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

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3
Q

What is Lymphangitis?

A

Inflamed lymph vessels

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4
Q

What is Severe Sepsis?

A

Decreased blood pressure + dysfunction of at least one organ

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5
Q

What is Septic Shock?

A

Sepsis + uncontrollable decreased blood pressure

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6
Q

What are the Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular + Lymphatic System? (4)

A
  • Septicemia
  • Plague
  • Lyme Disease
  • Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
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7
Q

What are the Viral Diseases of the Cardiovascular + Lymphatic System? (2)

A
  • Infection Mononucleosis
  • Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
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8
Q

What are the Protozoal Diseases of the Cardiovascular + Lymphatic System? (1)

A
  • Malaria
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9
Q

Describe Septicemia:

A
  • uncontrolled replication of bacteria in blood
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10
Q

Describe Sepsis (2):

A
  • systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS): release of inflammatory mediators in the bloodstream
  • 1/3 nosocomial infections
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11
Q

How fast are nosocomial infections caught?

A

Within 24 hours of surgery

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12
Q

What is the mortality rate for nosocomial infections post surgery?

A

50-70% in USA

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13
Q

How do microbes enter the bloodstream? (2)

A
  • wounds
  • hospital procedures
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14
Q

Describe bacteremia:

A

Transient presence of bacteria in blood

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15
Q

Describe Lymphangitis (3):

A
  • inflammation of lymph nodes
  • sign of septicemia
  • red streaks under skin
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16
Q

How does a gram (-) microbe cause septicemia?

A

Due to endotoxin release

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17
Q

What gram (-) microbes cause septicemia? (6)

A
  • E. coli
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Enterobacter aeroginus
  • Klebsiella
  • Proteus
  • Serratia
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18
Q

How does a gram (+) bacteria cause septicemia? (2)

A
  • due to exotoxins (toxic shock syndrome)
  • more common
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19
Q

What gram (+) microbes cause septicemia? (3)

A
  • staphylococcus
  • streptococcus
  • enterococcus
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20
Q

What 2 things accompany lymphangitis?

A
  • septicemia
  • septic shock
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21
Q

What other names are there for the plague? (2)

A
  • black death
  • bubonic plague
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22
Q

Was the bubonic plague caused by a bacteria or virus?

A

Bacteria

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23
Q

What bacteria caused the plague?

A

Yersinia pestis

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24
Q

Describe Yersinia pestis (3):

A
  • caused the plague
  • gram (-)
  • rod
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25
Q

Which animals carry Yersinia pestis? (4)

A
  • infected rats
  • prairie dogs
  • chipmunks
  • squirrels
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26
Q

How was the plague transmitted?

A

From rat to rat through rat fleas

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27
Q

What are the virulence factors of Yersinia pestis? (4)

A
  • capsules
  • coagulase
  • endotoxin
  • surface antigens (2)
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28
Q

What do the surface antigens of Yersinia pestis do?

A

Resist Phagocytosis

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29
Q

(T/F) Yersinia pestis can replicate within a phagocyte.

A

True

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30
Q

Where does Yersinia pestis multiply in the body? (2)

A
  • lymph
  • blood
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31
Q

What kind of disease is the plague?

A

Zoonotic

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32
Q

How is the plague spread? (3)

A
  • flea
  • minor skin abrasions
  • handling animals (rats)
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33
Q

Describe the bubonic plague (2):

A
  • buboes
  • high mortality rate
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34
Q

What are Buboes?

A

Swollen lymph nodes of groin & armpit

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35
Q

What is the mortality rate of the bubonic plague?

A

50-75%

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36
Q

What is the Septicemic Plague?

A

Microbe leaves lymphatics and enters the blood

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37
Q

What does the Septicemic Plague cause? (4)

A
  • hemorrhage
  • necrosis
  • meningitis
  • pneumonia
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38
Q

What is the Pneumonic Plague?

A

Microbe enters the lungs via inhalation

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39
Q

How fatal is the Pneumonic Plague?

A

Within a few days

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40
Q

How is the plague treated? (2)

A
  • streptomycin
  • tetracycline
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41
Q

How are plagues prevented?

A

Killing fleas

42
Q

What Vaccines are there for plagues?

A
  • killed Yersinia pestis
43
Q

What plague does the Y. pestis vaccine target?

A

Bubonic Plague

44
Q

Which plague is not affected by the Y. pestis vaccine?

A

Pneumonic Plague

45
Q

What kind of disease is Septicemia?

46
Q

What kind of disease is Plague?

47
Q

What kind of disease is Lyme Disease?

48
Q

What kind of disease is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

49
Q

What kind of disease is Infectious Mononucleosis?

50
Q

What kind of disease is Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?

51
Q

What kind of disease is Malaria?

52
Q

What bacteria causes Lyme Disease?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

53
Q

Describe Borrelia burgdorferi (2):

A
  • causes Lyme Disease
  • common tick born disease
54
Q

What are the reservoirs for Lyme Disease? (2)

A
  • white-footed field mouse
  • deer
55
Q

What are the symptoms of Lyme Disease? (8)

A
  • bulls-eye rash
  • flu-like symptoms
  • heart abnormalities
  • neurological symptoms
  • meningitis
  • encephalitis
  • facial paralysis
  • arthritic symptoms
56
Q

What causes the symptoms of Lyme Disease?

A

The immune system

57
Q

How is Lyme Disease spread?

A

Bite of deer tick (Ixodes)

58
Q

How is Lyme Disease treated? (2)

A
  • penicillin
  • tetracycline
59
Q

When should treatment be administered for Lyme Disease?

A

During the early stages

60
Q

What happens in the first phase of Lyme Disease?

A

Bulls-eye rash

61
Q

What happens in the second phase of Lyme Disease? (2)

A
  • irregular heartbeat
  • encephalitis
62
Q

What happens in the third phase of Lyme Disease?

63
Q

What bacteria causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

A

Rickettsia rickettsii

64
Q

Where is Rickettsia rickettsii found?

A

Appalachian Mountains

65
Q

How is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever spread?

A

From tick to tick

66
Q

How do ticks become infected with Rickettsia rickettsii?

A

Transovarian passage (via eggs/ovaries of arthropods)

67
Q

What are the symptoms of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever? (5)

A
  • rash (petechiae) on body + palms & feet sole
  • fever
  • chills
  • headache
  • can be fatal (kidney/heart failure)
68
Q

What are petechiae?

A

Small red spots

69
Q

How is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever treated? (2)

A
  • tetracycline
  • chloramphenicol
70
Q

What vaccine is there for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

71
Q

What causes Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?

A

Ebola Virus

72
Q

Describe the Ebola Virus (7):

A
  • filoviridae
  • enveloped
  • helical
  • (-) RNA
  • single stranded
  • filamentous viruses
  • unusual variability of shape
73
Q

What is Ebola hemorrhagic Fever’s reservoir?

74
Q

How does the Ebola Virus enter the body?

A

Through minor abrasions in the skin, eyes, nose, mouth, or genitalia

75
Q

What is the mortality rate of Ebola Zaire?

76
Q

What is the mortality rate of Ebola Sudan?

77
Q

(T/F) Ebola Reston is pathogenic in humans.

78
Q

How is Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever spread? (3)

A

contact with infected
- blood + body fluids
- objects
- fruit bats/primates

79
Q

(T/F) Ebola is not transmitted by air, food, or water.

80
Q

How long is the incubation period for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?

A

2-21 days (8-10 days average)

81
Q

What does the Ebola virus infect and replicate in? (4)

A
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
  • hepatocytes
  • epithelial cells
82
Q

What are the symptoms of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever? (9)

A
  • fever
  • muscle aches
  • sore throat
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • conjunctivitis
  • pharyngitis
  • macular rash
  • hemorrhaging (internal & external)
83
Q

What treatment is there for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever? (4)

A
  • No treatment
  • Supportive therapy
  • blood transfusions
  • immunoglobulin infusions
84
Q

How many years of immunity will a patient who has recovered from Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever have?

A

10 years of immunity

85
Q

Do people continue to shed the Ebola virus post recovery?

A

Yes, 2-3 months in semen post recovery

86
Q

What vaccines are there for Ebola?

87
Q

How can we prevent the spread of Ebola? (5)

A
  • personal protective equipment (PPE)
  • proper sterilization
  • isolating patients with Ebola
  • avoid contact with dead infected bodies
  • not handling infected items
88
Q

Who are at highest risk of contracting Ebola? (2)

A
  • health professionals
  • family members
89
Q

What protozoan causes Malaria?

A

Plasmodium sp.

90
Q

What four diseases cause Plasmodium sp.?

A
  • P. vivax
  • P. malariae
  • P. ovale
  • P. falciparum
91
Q

Which Plasmodium is the most common, serious, and malignant Malaria?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

92
Q

What does Plasmodium falciparum cause? (4)

A
  • RBC distorted
  • clog capillaries
  • loss of blood supply
  • tissue death
93
Q

Where is Malaria the most prevelant?

A

Endemic in most tropical areas (Africa & Central + South America)

94
Q

How is Malaria spread?

A

Through mosquitoes

95
Q

What are Anopheles?

A

Mosquitoes

96
Q

What path does Malaria take through the body?

A

blood -> liver -> infects RBC (lysed)

97
Q

What are the symptoms of Malaria? (5)

A
  • fever
  • chills
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • sweats
98
Q

When do Malaria symptoms appear after caught?

A

2-3 day intervals (recover -> recur)

99
Q

What treatments are there for Malaria? (3)

A
  • quinine
  • primaquine
  • chloroquine
100
Q

How has Malaria adapted?

A

Drug-resistant strains are emerging (artemisinin-resistant)

101
Q

What are the vaccines for Malaria?

A
  • trial vaccine (S subunit given to children)

Microbiology Exam 4 (6 decks)

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