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Anatomy And Physiology > Urine Pt 2 > Flashcards

Urine Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main mechanism for waste elimination?

A
  • filtration of blood
  • reabsorption of useful substances into bloodstream
  • secretion of waste products from blood into tubules of nephron
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2
Q

Osmosis

A

Passage of water from weaker to a stronger solution across a semi-permeable membrane

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3
Q

Diffusion

A

Passage of a substance from a high concentration to a low concentration

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4
Q

Reabsorption

A
  • Passage of a substance from the lumen of the renal tubules into the renal capillaries and so back into circulation
  • this is an active process and requires energy
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5
Q

Secretion

A
  • Passage of a chemical substance from renal capillaries into the lumen of the tubules and out of the body in the urine
  • active process
  • requires energy
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6
Q

Step 1: Filtration of the Blood

A
  • occurs in renal corpuscle
  • higher blood pressure in glomerulus, plus large fenestrations, allow plasma to enter capsular space, but don’t allow blood cells or large proteins to pass
  • glomerular filtrate when it enters capsular space
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7
Q

What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate?

A
  • speed (ml/min) that plasma is filtered as it passes through the glomerulus
  • depends on rate of blood flow to the kidneys
  • reabsorption helps reduce volume of glomerular filtrate
  • for every 100L of fluid filtered from blood, only 1L is produced as urine
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8
Q

Step 2: Reabsorption

A
  • takes useful substances from tubules back into blood
  • 65% takes place in the PCT
  • 10% takes place in loop of henle
  • 24% takes place in DCT or collecting ducts
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9
Q

What substances in tubular filtrate are still useful?

A

-Na+, K+, Mg+, Cl-, HCO3-, glucose, acids, H2O

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10
Q

Where do substances that are to be reabsorption pass out?

A
  • tubular lumen
  • thru or between tubular epithelial cells
  • enter interstitial fluid —> peritubular capillaries
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11
Q

What is the most abundant ion in tubular filtrate?

A

Sodium

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12
Q

How is Sodium reabsorbed?

A

-attaches to carrier protein that carries it from tubular filtrate, into the cytoplasm of the PCT epithelial cell, into the interstitial fluid, and finally the peritubular capillaries

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13
Q

Where are Sodium ions also absorbed?

A

Ascending loop of Henle and DCT

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14
Q

What is Potassium reabsorption?

A

-diffuses out of tubular filtrate by moving between epithelial cells and into interstitial fluid before moving into peritubular capillaries

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15
Q

Where does Potassium reabsorption take place?

A
  • PCT
  • ascending part of Loop of Henle
  • DCT
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16
Q

Where does Calcium reabsorption take place?

A
  • PCT
  • ascending loop of Henle
  • DCT
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17
Q

What influences Calcium reabsorption?

A
  • vitamin D
  • PTH
  • calcitonin
18
Q

Where does Magnesium reabsorption take place?

A
  • PCT
  • ascending loop of Henle
  • collecting duct
19
Q

What influences Magnesium reabsorption?

A

PTH

20
Q

Why is there a limit to Glucose reabsorption?

A
  • absorbed by the proximal convoluted tubules (renal threshold)
  • due to limited number of carrier proteins
21
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

A

-amount of glucose in tubular filtrate exceeds the amount that can be reabsorbed

22
Q

What happens during Diabetes Mellitus?

A
  • glucose is seen in the urine (glycosuria)
  • glucose pulls water out with it, increasing total volume of urine, making animal polyuric
  • increased water loss will make the animal polydipsic
23
Q

Step 3:Secretion

A
  • waste products aren’t filtered in adequate amounts from glomerular capillaries
  • transferred from peritubular capillaries, to the interstitial fluid, to the tubular epithelial cells, into tubular filtrate
24
Q

Where does secretion primarily occur?

A

DCT

25
Q

What is eliminated via secretion?

A
  • hydrogen
  • potassium
  • ammonia/urea
  • some medications
26
Q

What is Urine Volume Regulation?

A

-determined by amount of water contained in tubular filtrate when it reaches renal pelvis

27
Q

What 2 hormones regulate urine volume regulation?

A
  • Antidiuretic hormone

- aldosterone

28
Q

What is Antidiuretic hormones?

A
  • ADH
  • released by posterior pituitary
  • acts on DCT and collecting ducts to promote water reabsorption and prevent water loss
  • not present: polyuria
29
Q

What is aldosterone?

A
  • secreted by adrenal cortex
  • increases reabsorption of sodium into the bloodstream in DCT and collecting duct
  • causes osmotic imbalance in which water follows sodium out of tubular filtrate into blood
  • ADH must be sufficient to move water out of DCT
30
Q

What are Ureters?

A
  • tube that exits the kidney at the hills and connects to urinary bladder
  • continuation of renal pelvis
31
Q

Layers of Ureters

A
  • outer fibrous layer
  • smooth muscle layer
  • inner layer lined with transitional epithelium
  • transitional epithelium allows ureters to stretch as urine passes
  • smooth muscle propels urine through ureters by peristaltic contractions
32
Q

What are the functions of the Ureters?

A
  • connect the kidney to urinary bladder near neck of bladder at caudal end
  • continuously move urine from kidneys to bladder
  • enters bladder at oblique angle
  • when bladder is full, will collapse to prevent urine from flowing back Ito ureters
33
Q

What is the Urinary Bladder?

A
  • lined with transitional epithelium that stretches
  • walls of bladder contain smooth muscle
  • function is to store, collect, and release urine
  • keeps urine from constantly being released
34
Q

What are the 2 parts of the Urinary Bladder?

A
  • muscular sac

- neck

35
Q

What is the Muscular Sacs?

A
  • position and size depend on amount of urine
  • lined with transitional epithelium
  • lined with smooth muscle bundles that run in different directions
36
Q

What is the Neck?

A
  • muscular sphincter of skeletal muscle fibers

- under voluntary control and open and close to allow urine to leave bladder

37
Q

Where is the Urinary Bladder located?

A
  • rests on pubic bones when empty

- walls become thinner as bladder fills

38
Q

What is the Urethra?

A
  • continuation of the neck of the urinary bladder that runs through pelvic canal
  • carries urine from bladder to external environment
  • lined with transitional epithelium
39
Q

What kind of Urethra does a female have?

A
  • short and straight
  • opens on the ventral portion of the vestibule of the vulva
  • only carries urine
40
Q

What kind of Urethra does a male have?

A
  • long and curved
  • runs down center of penis
  • serves in reproduction
    • carries semen

Anatomy And Physiology (6 decks)

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