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Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is Fertilization?

A

Occurs when the spermatozoon penetrates the cytoplasm of the ovum

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2
Q

What is Meiosis?

A
  • unique process of cell division that produces spermatozoon and ova
  • reduction division of reproductive cells so that a chromosome number goes from a diploid to a haploid
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3
Q

What is a Chromosome?

A
  • coiled masses of DNA in nuclei of cells
  • genetic blueprint for all structures and functions of an animal
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4
Q

What is a Diploid Chromosome?

A
  • 2n
  • 2:indicates number is doubled
  • n: number of chromosomes
  • always an even pair!
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5
Q

What are Sex Chromosomes?

A
  • designated as either X or Y
  • determine the gender of the animal
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6
Q

(XX) chromosomes

A

-genetically female

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7
Q

(XY) chromosomes

A

-genetically male

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8
Q

Why is it not possible for there to be an YY combination?

A

-all males produce XY and and females only produce XX

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9
Q

How can a full diploid be expressed?

A
  • 2n,XX
  • 2n,XY
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10
Q

What is a Haploid Chromosome Number?

A
  • haploid is 1/2 of the diploid number
  • abbreviated as:
    • n,X
    • n,Y
  • depending on sex chromosome present
  • ensures that fertilized ovum (from union of spermatozoa and ova) has diploid number
  • number in reproductive cells results from meiosis
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11
Q

What is Reduction Division?

A

-total number of chromosomes in each daughter cell is reduced to half the number of parent cells

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12
Q

What is Mitosis?

A
  • chromosomes duplicate themselves and then pull apart into 2 daughter cells (preserves diploid number)
  • ensures that genetic info stays the same throughout all the body’s cells
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13
Q

What Is Meiosis?

A
  • don’t produce copy before daughter cells are pulled apart
  • half of total chromosomes go to each daughter cells
  • makes process entirely random, resulting in unique offspring
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14
Q

What is Spermatogenesis?

A
  • production of male sex cells
  • occurs in seminiferous tubules of testes
  • produces continuously and in very large numbers
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15
Q

What is the first stage of Spermatogenesis?

A
  • begins with cell called primary spermatocyte
  • primary spermatocyte has normal diploid number
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16
Q

What is the 2nd stage of Spermatogenesis?

A
  • divides by meiosis into 2 secondary Spermatogenesis
  • now are haploid in number and are pushed into tubule lumen
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17
Q

What is the 3rd stage of Spermatogenesis?

A
  • 2nd spermatocyte divide by mitosis into 4 spermatids
  • 2 will have X markers and 2 will have Y markers
  • now located near center of tubular lumen
  • doesn’t go thru anymore cell division, but will grow tails and convert into spermatozoa
  • once mature, detach and transport to epididymis for storage b4 ejaculation
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18
Q

What is Oogenesis?

A
  • production of female sex cells
  • occurs in ovarian follicles
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19
Q

What is an Ova?

A
  • female sex cells
  • produced in the follicles of the ovaries through process known as oogenesis
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20
Q

What are the functions of the Male Reproductive System?

A
  • produce spermatozoa
  • deliver spermatozoa to female repro system
  • produce male sex hormones
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21
Q

What are the Testes?

A
  • site of spermatogenessis (seminiferous tubules) and testosterone (interstitial cells) production
  • located outside abdomen in inguinal region
  • housed in scrotum
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22
Q

What are the 3 Structures that make up the Spermatozoa?

A
  • head
  • midpiece
  • tail
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23
Q

What is the Head of the Spermatozoa?

A
  • contains nucleus of cell
  • covered by acrosome
  • contains digestive enzymes that help penetrate egg
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24
Q

What is the Midpiece of the Spermatozoa?

A

-large concentration of mitochondria arranged in spiral pattern

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25
What is the Tail of the Spermatozoa?
- contains muscle like contractile fibrils - produces whiplike tail movement to propel forward
26
What is the Gubernaculum?
-band of connective tissue that attaches testes to scrotum
27
What are Inguinal Rings?
-openings in abdominal muscles thru which testes descend
28
What is the Scrotum?
- sac of skin that houses testes - helps regulate temp of testes - cremaster muscle attaches to scrotum
29
What is the Spermatic Cord?
- links the testes with the rest of the body - contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and vas deferens - only one artery (testicular artery) carries blood down to testes - artery is surrounded by pampiniform plexus network of veins
30
What is the Vagina Tunics?
- connective tissue that forms sheath like layers around testes and spermatic cord - has 3 layers
31
What are the layers of the Vagina Tunics?
- Visceral - parietal
32
What is the Visceral Vaginal Tunic?
-thin inner layer
33
What is the Parietal Vaginal Tunic?
-thick, outer layer
34
What is the Tunica Albuginea?
- fibrous connective tissue capsule surrounding each testes beneath tunics - septa divdes each testes into lobules that contain seminiferous tubules
35
What are Seminiferous Tubules?
- site of spermatogenesis - long convoluted U-shaped tube attached to rete testes (series of ducts)
36
What are Interstitial Cells?
- endocrine cells between seminiferous tubules - produce testosterone - under influence of LH/ interstital cell stimulating hormone
37
What are Seroli Cells?
- support developing spermatids - large "nurse" cells that shield spermatozoa from the body's immune system
38
What is the Duct System?
-long convoluted tube that connects efferent ducts of testes with vas deferens
39
What is the Vas Deferens?
- muscular tube within the spermatic cord that connects the epididyis to the urethra - in abdomen - passes through inguinal ring then seperates from spermatic cord and connects with urethra
40
What is the Ampulla?
- enlargement of vas deferens just before it joins urethra - contains glands that contribute material to semen
41
What is the Urethra?
- pelvic portion: entry point of vas deferens and accessory reproductive glands - penile portion: runs length of penis - sperm from vas deferens and secretions from acessory glands enter urethra and pumped out as semen - carries urine from bladder
42
What are the Accessory Reproductive Glands?
- prostate, seminal vessicles, bulbourethral glands - produce alkaline fluid to help neutralize acidity of female repro tract - provide nutrient for sperm
43
What is the Prostate Gland?
- surrounds urethra - has multiple ducts to carry secretions into urethra
44
What are Bulbourethral Glands?
- ducts enter urethra near caudal border of pelvis - secrete mucinous fluid just before ejaculation that clears and lubricates urethra for passage of semen
45
What are Seminal Vesicles?
- present in all animals except dog and cat - enter pelvic urethra in same area as vas deferens
46
What is the Penis?
- male breeding organ - composed of muscle, erectile tissue, connective tissue - urethra runs down center - has large blood supply and many sensory nerve endings - has 3 main parts
47
What are the 3 main parts of the Penis?
- root - body - glans
48
What is the Root of the Penis?
- bands of connective tissue (crura) that attach penis to pelvis - covered in ischiocavernous muscle
49
What is the Body of the Penis?
- largest part - composed of 2 bundles of erectile tissue - connective tissue: spongy - sinuses: tiny, blood filled spaces
50
What are the 2 areas of erectile tissue in the penis?
- corpus cavernosum (smaller) - corpus cavemosum (larger)
51
What is the Glans of the Penis?
- distal end - numerous sensory nerve endings
52
What is Prepuce?
- sheath of skin that encloses the penis when not erect - inner part:smooth, moist mucous membrane - inner part: normal skin
53
Canine Penis
- Os Penis: - bone in penis - urethra runs thru groove on ventral surface - bulb of glans: - enlargement toward rear of glans - erection of bulb subsides in 15-20 min
54
What is the Sigmoid Flexure?
- s shape of non erect penis of bull, ram, boar - higher proportion of CT to erectile tissue - erection results from straightening of sigmoid flexure
55
What is an Erection?
- enlargement and stiffening of penis - result from parasympathetic reflex triggered by sexual stimuli - involves olfactory cues - arteries dilate and increase blood flow - veins are compressed against brim of pelvis reducing outflow of blood
56
What is Ejaculation?
- reflex expulsion of semen from penis - has 2 stages - movement of sperm to pelvic portion of urethra - sphincter in urinary bladder closes - rhythmic contraction of urethra pump out semen
57
58
What are the functions of the Female Reproductive System?
- produce female sex hormones - provide fertile ovum via oogenesis - recieve sperm and provide site for fertilization - provide environment for embryo to grow - push offspring off into world - provide nutrition for newborn
59
What are the Female Reproductive Organs?
- ovaries - oviducts - uterus - cervix - vagina - vulva
60
What are Broad Ligaments?
- sheets of peritoneum by which the ovaries, oviducts and uterus are suspended - Mesovarium - Mesosalpinx - mesometrium
61
What are Mesovarium Ligaments?
supports ovary
62
What are Mesosalpinx Ligaments?
supports oviducts
63
What are Mesometrium Ligaments?
- supports uterus - contains blood vessels, nerves and fat
64
What are the Round Ligaments of Uterus?
- cord of fibrous tissue and smooth muscle in the broad ligament that extends from the uterine horn to the inguinal ring - cut during a spay to allow removal of uterine horn
65
What is the Suspensory Ligament of Ovary?
- formed by the ovarian end of broad ligament attached to body wall in area of last rib - during spay, it is "popped" to allow visualization and removal of ovary
66
What are the Ovaries?
- female gonads - in dorsal abdomen near kidneys
67
What are the functions of the Ovaries?
- site of oogenesis - animal is born with predetermined number of eggs - production of estrogens and progestins
68
What are the Hormones that control Estrous Cycle?
- LH - FSH - Estrogen - Progesterone
69
LH
- Source: Anterior Pituitary - Effect: - causes Granulosa cells to develop - causes production of estrogen - surge causes ovulation
70
FSH
- Source: Ant. Pituitary - Effect: - stimulates egg production
71
Estrogen
- Source: Ovary - Granulosa Cells - Effect: - makes females receptive to males - causes proliferation of uterine tissue - produces female characteristics
72
Progesterone
- Source: Corpus Luteum - Effect: - prepares uterus for zygote (fert egg) - maintains pregnancy
73
What is the Ovarian Cycle?
- each cycle consists of: - development of ovum - formation of corpus luteum - degeneration of unripened follicles and corpus luteum - influenced by FSH and LH - number of follicles produced depend on species
74
What is Uniparous Species?
normally give birth to one offspring at a time
75
What are Mulitparous Species?
give birth to litters due to multiple ova production per cycle
76
What are Primary/Primordial Follicles?
- immature oocyte surround by a single layer of follicular cells - stage that immature oocytes reside in until become activated to mature - activted by FSH - once growing called growing follicles
77
What are Growing Follicles?
- cells of the follice become thickened and start to multiply in layers around developing oocyte - granulosa cells - produce estrogen - grow rapidly
78
What is the Antrum?
-large fluid filled space between granulosa cells
79
What are Mature Follicles (Graafian Follicle)?
- follicle has reached max size - oocyte sits on top of granulosa cells mound (cumulus oophorus) - surrounded by thin layer of cells (corona radiata) - production of estrogen peaks (causes ovulation)
80
What is Ovulation?
- rupture of mature follicles and release of egg into oviduct as LH levels rise - surface of mature follicle weakens and ruptures - fluid from antrum is released, carrying egg
81
What are Oviducts?
- fallopian tubes - extend from tips of uterine horns
82
What is the Infundibulum?
- enlarged opening at ovarien end of each oviduct - not attached to oviduct
83
What is the Fimbriae?
- muscular projections form margin of infundibulum - help properly position infundibulum
84
What is the Uterus?
- hollow, muscular - womb - where fertilized ovum implants - forms part of placenta that keeps fetus alive - grows during pregnancy - Y shaped
85
What are the Layers of the Uterine Wall?
- Edonmetrium - Myometrium - Perimetrium
86
What is the Endometrium?
inner layer composed of simple columnar epithelium and glands that secrete mucus and other substances
87
What is the Myometrium?
- thickest layer - made of smooth muscle
88
What is the Perimetrium?
- outermost layer - covered by visceral peritoneum
89
What is the Cervix?
- smooth muscle sphincter between body of uterus and vagina - controls access to lumen of uterus from vagina - normally tightly closed, except during estrus and partuition
90
What is the Vagina?
- muscular tube extends caudally from cervix and connects with vulva - recieves penis - birth canal - stretchable - lined with mucous glands
91
What is the Vulva?
- only portion of female repro tract that is visible from outside - labia:lips - clitorus:"penis" - vestibule:entrance to vagina
92
What is Polyestrous?
- animals that cycle continuously throughout the year if not pregnant - cow - pig
93
What is Seasonal Polyestrous?
- animals with seasonal variations in estrous cycles - horse - sheep - cat
94
What is Diestrous?
- animals with 2 cycles per year - dog
95
What is Monoestrous?
- animals with one cycle per year - mink - fox
96
What are the stages of the Estrous Cycle?
- proestrus - estrus - metestrus - diestrus - anestrus (in some species)
97
Proestrus
- follicles begin developing and growing - output of estrogen increases - linings of oviduct, uterus and vagina thicken to protect against breeding trauma
98
Estrus
- "heat" - period of sex receptivity in femal - estrogen level production peaks - ovulation occurs near end of estrus in some species - induced ovulator species remain in a prolonged state of estrus if not bred
99
Metestrus
- period after ovulation during which CL develops - progesterone produced by CL temp. inhibits other - lining of uterus prepared for implantation of fertilized egg
100
Diestrus
- CL at max size and exerting max effect - if egg implants, CL is retained well into pregnancy - if no pregnancy, CL degenerates at end of diestrus
101
Anestrus
- temporary ovarian inactivity - seen in seasonal polyestrous, diestrous, monoestrous animals
102
What is False Pregnancy?
- pseudopregnancy - animals act or look pregnant - exaggerated diestrous period - resolves spontaneously through use of hormones
103
What are signs of False Pregnancy?
- builds nest - hoards/mothers toys - mammary glands enlarge/produce milk - pyometria
104
105
What is Copulation?
- act of breeding - intromission, thrusting, ejaculation
106
What does Copulation trigger?
- oxytocin release - from posterior pituitary gland of female - causes contraction of smooth muscle of fem. repro. organs
107
Where is Semen deposited?
-upper portion of vagina
108
How are Spern transported?
- swimming - contractions of uterus and oviducts - action of cilia in oviducts
109
What is Capacitation?
-series of changes sperm undergo in female repro tract to increase fertilization
110
What are the "series of changes" undergo during Capacitation?
- change in ion movements - influx of Ca++ thru cell membrane - increase in cell's metabolic rate - increae in rate of sugar usage for energy - release of digestive enzymes from acrosome
111
What is Fertilization?
- large # of sperm locate and swarm around ovum in oviduct - some begining tunneling thru layers surrounding ovum
112
What is a Zygote?
- newly fertilized ovum - male and female pronuclei join together
113
What is a Male Pronucleus?
nucleus of the fertilizing sperm
114
What is a Female Pronucleus?
nucleus of fertilized ovum
115
What is a Morula?
- solid mass of cells - stage after zygote
116
What is a Blastocyte?
- hollow ball of cells with a mass of cells on one side - future embryo - stage of morula - implants in uterus
117
What is Implantation?
- while cleavage is taking place, the zygote is slowly moving from the oviduct to the uterus - blastocyte attaches in endometrium - placenta forms as soon as blastocyte implants in uterus
118
What is Placenta?
-multilayers, fluid-filled, membranous sac that surrounds fetus and links it to the blood supply of the uterus
119
Where does the outermost layer of the placenta attach?
- uterine lining - fetal and maternal vessels in close proximity - site of exchange of blood, nutrients and wastes - no direct contact between fetal and maternal blood occurs
120
What is the Umbillical Vein?
carries oxygen rich blood to fetus
121
What is the Umbillical Arteries?
carry deoxygenated blood back to the placenta
122
What is Amnion?
- membranous layer immediately surrounding fetus - forms amniotic sac - fetus floats in amniotic fluid
123
What is the Allantois?
- layer surrounding amniotic sac - forms the Allantoic sac - outside of sac is covered by chorion
124
What is Chorion?
- attaches to lining of uterus - linked to fetus by umbilical cord
125
What is Urachus?
tube that connects bladder to allantoic sac
126
What is Diffuse?
- spread over the whole surface of placenta and uterine lining - pigs - horses
127
What is Cotyledonary?
- many, small seperate attachement sites (placentomes) - ruminants
128
What is Placentome?
cotyledon on placental surface joins with caruncle in the uterine lining
129
What is Zonary?
- belt shaped attachments that encircles the placenta - dogs - cats
130
What is Discoid?
- placenta and uterus attached at a single disk shaped area - humans - primates - rabbits - rodents
131
What is the Gestation Period?
- time from fertilization of ovum of delivery of newborn - time varies among species - divided into 3 segments/trimesters
132
What is the First Trimester?
- embryonic period - placenta develops
133
What is the Second Trimester?
- fetal period - body tissues, organs and systems develop
134
What is the Third Trimester?
fetal growth period
135
What is Parturition?
-birth processes
136
What are the factors influencing birthing?
- size and weight of uterus and fetus - hormonal changes
137
What are the Fetal Changes at birth?
- lungs expand and begin to function - foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus close
138
What is the First Stage of Labor?
- uterine contractions - myometrium contracts and presses fetus down against cervix - sustained contractions cause cervix to gradually dilate
139
What is the Second Stage of Labor?
- delivery of newborn - results from strong uterine and abdominal muscle contraction - rupture of amniotic and allantoic sacs of placenta (usually precedes actual delivery of baby)
140
What is the Third Stage of Labor?
- delivery of the placenta - placenta seperates from wall of uterus and is expelled by weaker uterine contractions
141
What is Involution of the Uterus?
- uterus gradually returns to nonpregnant size - endometrium sloughs into lumen of uterus at sites of placental attachments - myometrium continues mild contractions to move remaining uterine contents out through birth canal - may take a few weeks to a month or more for completion
142

Anatomy And Physiology (6 decks)

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