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Anatomy And Physiology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is Fertilization?

A

Occurs when the spermatozoon penetrates the cytoplasm of the ovum

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2
Q

What is Meiosis?

A
  • unique process of cell division that produces spermatozoon and ova
  • reduction division of reproductive cells so that a chromosome number goes from a diploid to a haploid
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3
Q

What is a Chromosome?

A
  • coiled masses of DNA in nuclei of cells
  • genetic blueprint for all structures and functions of an animal
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4
Q

What is a Diploid Chromosome?

A
  • 2n
  • 2:indicates number is doubled
  • n: number of chromosomes
  • always an even pair!
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5
Q

What are Sex Chromosomes?

A
  • designated as either X or Y
  • determine the gender of the animal
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6
Q

(XX) chromosomes

A

-genetically female

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7
Q

(XY) chromosomes

A

-genetically male

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8
Q

Why is it not possible for there to be an YY combination?

A

-all males produce XY and and females only produce XX

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9
Q

How can a full diploid be expressed?

A
  • 2n,XX
  • 2n,XY
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10
Q

What is a Haploid Chromosome Number?

A
  • haploid is 1/2 of the diploid number
  • abbreviated as:
    • n,X
    • n,Y
  • depending on sex chromosome present
  • ensures that fertilized ovum (from union of spermatozoa and ova) has diploid number
  • number in reproductive cells results from meiosis
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11
Q

What is Reduction Division?

A

-total number of chromosomes in each daughter cell is reduced to half the number of parent cells

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12
Q

What is Mitosis?

A
  • chromosomes duplicate themselves and then pull apart into 2 daughter cells (preserves diploid number)
  • ensures that genetic info stays the same throughout all the body’s cells
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13
Q

What Is Meiosis?

A
  • don’t produce copy before daughter cells are pulled apart
  • half of total chromosomes go to each daughter cells
  • makes process entirely random, resulting in unique offspring
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14
Q

What is Spermatogenesis?

A
  • production of male sex cells
  • occurs in seminiferous tubules of testes
  • produces continuously and in very large numbers
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15
Q

What is the first stage of Spermatogenesis?

A
  • begins with cell called primary spermatocyte
  • primary spermatocyte has normal diploid number
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16
Q

What is the 2nd stage of Spermatogenesis?

A
  • divides by meiosis into 2 secondary Spermatogenesis
  • now are haploid in number and are pushed into tubule lumen
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17
Q

What is the 3rd stage of Spermatogenesis?

A
  • 2nd spermatocyte divide by mitosis into 4 spermatids
  • 2 will have X markers and 2 will have Y markers
  • now located near center of tubular lumen
  • doesn’t go thru anymore cell division, but will grow tails and convert into spermatozoa
  • once mature, detach and transport to epididymis for storage b4 ejaculation
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18
Q

What is Oogenesis?

A
  • production of female sex cells
  • occurs in ovarian follicles
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19
Q

What is an Ova?

A
  • female sex cells
  • produced in the follicles of the ovaries through process known as oogenesis
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20
Q

What are the functions of the Male Reproductive System?

A
  • produce spermatozoa
  • deliver spermatozoa to female repro system
  • produce male sex hormones
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21
Q

What are the Testes?

A
  • site of spermatogenessis (seminiferous tubules) and testosterone (interstitial cells) production
  • located outside abdomen in inguinal region
  • housed in scrotum
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22
Q

What are the 3 Structures that make up the Spermatozoa?

A
  • head
  • midpiece
  • tail
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23
Q

What is the Head of the Spermatozoa?

A
  • contains nucleus of cell
  • covered by acrosome
  • contains digestive enzymes that help penetrate egg
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24
Q

What is the Midpiece of the Spermatozoa?

A

-large concentration of mitochondria arranged in spiral pattern

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25
Q

What is the Tail of the Spermatozoa?

A
  • contains muscle like contractile fibrils
  • produces whiplike tail movement to propel forward
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26
Q

What is the Gubernaculum?

A

-band of connective tissue that attaches testes to scrotum

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27
Q

What are Inguinal Rings?

A

-openings in abdominal muscles thru which testes descend

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28
Q

What is the Scrotum?

A
  • sac of skin that houses testes
  • helps regulate temp of testes
  • cremaster muscle attaches to scrotum
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29
Q

What is the Spermatic Cord?

A
  • links the testes with the rest of the body
  • contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and vas deferens
  • only one artery (testicular artery) carries blood down to testes
  • artery is surrounded by pampiniform plexus network of veins
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30
Q

What is the Vagina Tunics?

A
  • connective tissue that forms sheath like layers around testes and spermatic cord
  • has 3 layers
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31
Q

What are the layers of the Vagina Tunics?

A
  • Visceral
  • parietal
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32
Q

What is the Visceral Vaginal Tunic?

A

-thin inner layer

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33
Q

What is the Parietal Vaginal Tunic?

A

-thick, outer layer

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34
Q

What is the Tunica Albuginea?

A
  • fibrous connective tissue capsule surrounding each testes beneath tunics
  • septa divdes each testes into lobules that contain seminiferous tubules
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35
Q

What are Seminiferous Tubules?

A
  • site of spermatogenesis
  • long convoluted U-shaped tube attached to rete testes (series of ducts)
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36
Q

What are Interstitial Cells?

A
  • endocrine cells between seminiferous tubules
  • produce testosterone
    • under influence of LH/ interstital cell stimulating hormone
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37
Q

What are Seroli Cells?

A
  • support developing spermatids
  • large “nurse” cells that shield spermatozoa from the body’s immune system
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38
Q

What is the Duct System?

A

-long convoluted tube that connects efferent ducts of testes with vas deferens

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39
Q

What is the Vas Deferens?

A
  • muscular tube within the spermatic cord that connects the epididyis to the urethra
  • in abdomen
  • passes through inguinal ring then seperates from spermatic cord and connects with urethra
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40
Q

What is the Ampulla?

A
  • enlargement of vas deferens just before it joins urethra
  • contains glands that contribute material to semen
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41
Q

What is the Urethra?

A
  • pelvic portion: entry point of vas deferens and accessory reproductive glands
  • penile portion: runs length of penis
    • sperm from vas deferens and secretions from acessory glands enter urethra and pumped out as semen
  • carries urine from bladder
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42
Q

What are the Accessory Reproductive Glands?

A
  • prostate, seminal vessicles, bulbourethral glands
  • produce alkaline fluid to help neutralize acidity of female repro tract
  • provide nutrient for sperm
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43
Q

What is the Prostate Gland?

A
  • surrounds urethra
  • has multiple ducts to carry secretions into urethra
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44
Q

What are Bulbourethral Glands?

A
  • ducts enter urethra near caudal border of pelvis
  • secrete mucinous fluid just before ejaculation that clears and lubricates urethra for passage of semen
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45
Q

What are Seminal Vesicles?

A
  • present in all animals except dog and cat
  • enter pelvic urethra in same area as vas deferens
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46
Q

What is the Penis?

A
  • male breeding organ
  • composed of muscle, erectile tissue, connective tissue
  • urethra runs down center
  • has large blood supply and many sensory nerve endings
  • has 3 main parts
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47
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the Penis?

A
  • root
  • body
  • glans
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48
Q

What is the Root of the Penis?

A
  • bands of connective tissue (crura) that attach penis to pelvis
  • covered in ischiocavernous muscle
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49
Q

What is the Body of the Penis?

A
  • largest part
  • composed of 2 bundles of erectile tissue
    • connective tissue: spongy
    • sinuses: tiny, blood filled spaces
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50
Q

What are the 2 areas of erectile tissue in the penis?

A
  • corpus cavernosum (smaller)
  • corpus cavemosum (larger)
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51
Q

What is the Glans of the Penis?

A
  • distal end
  • numerous sensory nerve endings
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52
Q

What is Prepuce?

A
  • sheath of skin that encloses the penis when not erect
  • inner part:smooth, moist mucous membrane
  • inner part: normal skin
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53
Q

Canine Penis

A
  • Os Penis:
    • bone in penis
    • urethra runs thru groove on ventral surface
  • bulb of glans:
    • enlargement toward rear of glans
  • erection of bulb subsides in 15-20 min
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54
Q

What is the Sigmoid Flexure?

A
  • s shape of non erect penis of bull, ram, boar
  • higher proportion of CT to erectile tissue
  • erection results from straightening of sigmoid flexure
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55
Q

What is an Erection?

A
  • enlargement and stiffening of penis
  • result from parasympathetic reflex triggered by sexual stimuli
  • involves olfactory cues
  • arteries dilate and increase blood flow
  • veins are compressed against brim of pelvis reducing outflow of blood
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56
Q

What is Ejaculation?

A
  • reflex expulsion of semen from penis
  • has 2 stages
    • movement of sperm to pelvic portion of urethra
      • sphincter in urinary bladder closes
    • rhythmic contraction of urethra pump out semen
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58
Q

What are the functions of the Female Reproductive System?

A
  • produce female sex hormones
  • provide fertile ovum via oogenesis
  • recieve sperm and provide site for fertilization
  • provide environment for embryo to grow
  • push offspring off into world
  • provide nutrition for newborn
59
Q

What are the Female Reproductive Organs?

A
  • ovaries
  • oviducts
  • uterus
  • cervix
  • vagina
  • vulva
60
Q

What are Broad Ligaments?

A
  • sheets of peritoneum by which the ovaries, oviducts and uterus are suspended
  • Mesovarium
  • Mesosalpinx
  • mesometrium
61
Q

What are Mesovarium Ligaments?

A

supports ovary

62
Q

What are Mesosalpinx Ligaments?

A

supports oviducts

63
Q

What are Mesometrium Ligaments?

A
  • supports uterus
  • contains blood vessels, nerves and fat
64
Q

What are the Round Ligaments of Uterus?

A
  • cord of fibrous tissue and smooth muscle in the broad ligament that extends from the uterine horn to the inguinal ring
  • cut during a spay to allow removal of uterine horn
65
Q

What is the Suspensory Ligament of Ovary?

A
  • formed by the ovarian end of broad ligament attached to body wall in area of last rib
  • during spay, it is “popped” to allow visualization and removal of ovary
66
Q

What are the Ovaries?

A
  • female gonads
  • in dorsal abdomen near kidneys
67
Q

What are the functions of the Ovaries?

A
  • site of oogenesis
  • animal is born with predetermined number of eggs
  • production of estrogens and progestins
68
Q

What are the Hormones that control Estrous Cycle?

A
  • LH
  • FSH
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
69
Q

LH

A
  • Source: Anterior Pituitary
  • Effect:
    • causes Granulosa cells to develop
    • causes production of estrogen
    • surge causes ovulation
70
Q

FSH

A
  • Source: Ant. Pituitary
  • Effect:
    • stimulates egg production
71
Q

Estrogen

A
  • Source: Ovary
    • Granulosa Cells
  • Effect:
    • makes females receptive to males
    • causes proliferation of uterine tissue
    • produces female characteristics
72
Q

Progesterone

A
  • Source: Corpus Luteum
  • Effect:
    • prepares uterus for zygote (fert egg)
    • maintains pregnancy
73
Q

What is the Ovarian Cycle?

A
  • each cycle consists of:
    • development of ovum
    • formation of corpus luteum
    • degeneration of unripened follicles and corpus luteum
  • influenced by FSH and LH
  • number of follicles produced depend on species
74
Q

What is Uniparous Species?

A

normally give birth to one offspring at a time

75
Q

What are Mulitparous Species?

A

give birth to litters due to multiple ova production per cycle

76
Q

What are Primary/Primordial Follicles?

A
  • immature oocyte surround by a single layer of follicular cells
  • stage that immature oocytes reside in until become activated to mature
  • activted by FSH
  • once growing called growing follicles
77
Q

What are Growing Follicles?

A
  • cells of the follice become thickened and start to multiply in layers around developing oocyte
  • granulosa cells
  • produce estrogen
  • grow rapidly
78
Q

What is the Antrum?

A

-large fluid filled space between granulosa cells

79
Q

What are Mature Follicles (Graafian Follicle)?

A
  • follicle has reached max size
  • oocyte sits on top of granulosa cells mound (cumulus oophorus)
  • surrounded by thin layer of cells (corona radiata)
  • production of estrogen peaks (causes ovulation)
80
Q

What is Ovulation?

A
  • rupture of mature follicles and release of egg into oviduct as LH levels rise
  • surface of mature follicle weakens and ruptures
  • fluid from antrum is released, carrying egg
81
Q

What are Oviducts?

A
  • fallopian tubes
  • extend from tips of uterine horns
82
Q

What is the Infundibulum?

A
  • enlarged opening at ovarien end of each oviduct
  • not attached to oviduct
83
Q

What is the Fimbriae?

A
  • muscular projections form margin of infundibulum
  • help properly position infundibulum
84
Q

What is the Uterus?

A
  • hollow, muscular
  • womb
  • where fertilized ovum implants
  • forms part of placenta that keeps fetus alive
  • grows during pregnancy
  • Y shaped
85
Q

What are the Layers of the Uterine Wall?

A
  • Edonmetrium
  • Myometrium
  • Perimetrium
86
Q

What is the Endometrium?

A

inner layer composed of simple columnar epithelium and glands that secrete mucus and other substances

87
Q

What is the Myometrium?

A
  • thickest layer
  • made of smooth muscle
88
Q

What is the Perimetrium?

A
  • outermost layer
  • covered by visceral peritoneum
89
Q

What is the Cervix?

A
  • smooth muscle sphincter between body of uterus and vagina
  • controls access to lumen of uterus from vagina
  • normally tightly closed, except during estrus and partuition
90
Q

What is the Vagina?

A
  • muscular tube extends caudally from cervix and connects with vulva
  • recieves penis
  • birth canal
  • stretchable
  • lined with mucous glands
91
Q

What is the Vulva?

A
  • only portion of female repro tract that is visible from outside
  • labia:lips
  • clitorus:”penis”
  • vestibule:entrance to vagina
92
Q

What is Polyestrous?

A
  • animals that cycle continuously throughout the year if not pregnant
  • cow
  • pig
93
Q

What is Seasonal Polyestrous?

A
  • animals with seasonal variations in estrous cycles
  • horse
  • sheep
  • cat
94
Q

What is Diestrous?

A
  • animals with 2 cycles per year
  • dog
95
Q

What is Monoestrous?

A
  • animals with one cycle per year
  • mink
  • fox
96
Q

What are the stages of the Estrous Cycle?

A
  • proestrus
  • estrus
  • metestrus
  • diestrus
  • anestrus (in some species)
97
Q

Proestrus

A
  • follicles begin developing and growing
  • output of estrogen increases
  • linings of oviduct, uterus and vagina thicken to protect against breeding trauma
98
Q

Estrus

A
  • “heat”
  • period of sex receptivity in femal
  • estrogen level production peaks
  • ovulation occurs near end of estrus in some species
  • induced ovulator species remain in a prolonged state of estrus if not bred
99
Q

Metestrus

A
  • period after ovulation during which CL develops
  • progesterone produced by CL temp. inhibits other
  • lining of uterus prepared for implantation of fertilized egg
100
Q

Diestrus

A
  • CL at max size and exerting max effect
  • if egg implants, CL is retained well into pregnancy
  • if no pregnancy, CL degenerates at end of diestrus
101
Q

Anestrus

A
  • temporary ovarian inactivity
  • seen in seasonal polyestrous, diestrous, monoestrous animals
102
Q

What is False Pregnancy?

A
  • pseudopregnancy
  • animals act or look pregnant
  • exaggerated diestrous period
  • resolves spontaneously through use of hormones
103
Q

What are signs of False Pregnancy?

A
  • builds nest
  • hoards/mothers toys
  • mammary glands enlarge/produce milk
  • pyometria
105
Q

What is Copulation?

A
  • act of breeding
  • intromission, thrusting, ejaculation
106
Q

What does Copulation trigger?

A
  • oxytocin release
  • from posterior pituitary gland of female
  • causes contraction of smooth muscle of fem. repro. organs
107
Q

Where is Semen deposited?

A

-upper portion of vagina

108
Q

How are Spern transported?

A
  • swimming
  • contractions of uterus and oviducts
  • action of cilia in oviducts
109
Q

What is Capacitation?

A

-series of changes sperm undergo in female repro tract to increase fertilization

110
Q

What are the “series of changes” undergo during Capacitation?

A
  • change in ion movements
    • influx of Ca++ thru cell membrane
  • increase in cell’s metabolic rate
  • increae in rate of sugar usage for energy
  • release of digestive enzymes from acrosome
111
Q

What is Fertilization?

A
  • large # of sperm locate and swarm around ovum in oviduct
  • some begining tunneling thru layers surrounding ovum
112
Q

What is a Zygote?

A
  • newly fertilized ovum
  • male and female pronuclei join together
113
Q

What is a Male Pronucleus?

A

nucleus of the fertilizing sperm

114
Q

What is a Female Pronucleus?

A

nucleus of fertilized ovum

115
Q

What is a Morula?

A
  • solid mass of cells
  • stage after zygote
116
Q

What is a Blastocyte?

A
  • hollow ball of cells with a mass of cells on one side
  • future embryo
  • stage of morula
  • implants in uterus
117
Q

What is Implantation?

A
  • while cleavage is taking place, the zygote is slowly moving from the oviduct to the uterus
  • blastocyte attaches in endometrium
  • placenta forms as soon as blastocyte implants in uterus
118
Q

What is Placenta?

A

-multilayers, fluid-filled, membranous sac that surrounds fetus and links it to the blood supply of the uterus

119
Q

Where does the outermost layer of the placenta attach?

A
  • uterine lining
  • fetal and maternal vessels in close proximity
  • site of exchange of blood, nutrients and wastes
  • no direct contact between fetal and maternal blood occurs
120
Q

What is the Umbillical Vein?

A

carries oxygen rich blood to fetus

121
Q

What is the Umbillical Arteries?

A

carry deoxygenated blood back to the placenta

122
Q

What is Amnion?

A
  • membranous layer immediately surrounding fetus
  • forms amniotic sac
  • fetus floats in amniotic fluid
123
Q

What is the Allantois?

A
  • layer surrounding amniotic sac
  • forms the Allantoic sac
  • outside of sac is covered by chorion
124
Q

What is Chorion?

A
  • attaches to lining of uterus
  • linked to fetus by umbilical cord
125
Q

What is Urachus?

A

tube that connects bladder to allantoic sac

126
Q

What is Diffuse?

A
  • spread over the whole surface of placenta and uterine lining
  • pigs
  • horses
127
Q

What is Cotyledonary?

A
  • many, small seperate attachement sites (placentomes)
  • ruminants
128
Q

What is Placentome?

A

cotyledon on placental surface joins with caruncle in the uterine lining

129
Q

What is Zonary?

A
  • belt shaped attachments that encircles the placenta
  • dogs
  • cats
130
Q

What is Discoid?

A
  • placenta and uterus attached at a single disk shaped area
  • humans
  • primates
  • rabbits
  • rodents
131
Q

What is the Gestation Period?

A
  • time from fertilization of ovum of delivery of newborn
  • time varies among species
  • divided into 3 segments/trimesters
132
Q

What is the First Trimester?

A
  • embryonic period
  • placenta develops
133
Q

What is the Second Trimester?

A
  • fetal period
  • body tissues, organs and systems develop
134
Q

What is the Third Trimester?

A

fetal growth period

135
Q

What is Parturition?

A

-birth processes

136
Q

What are the factors influencing birthing?

A
  • size and weight of uterus and fetus
  • hormonal changes
137
Q

What are the Fetal Changes at birth?

A
  • lungs expand and begin to function
  • foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus close
138
Q

What is the First Stage of Labor?

A
  • uterine contractions
  • myometrium contracts and presses fetus down against cervix
  • sustained contractions cause cervix to gradually dilate
139
Q

What is the Second Stage of Labor?

A
  • delivery of newborn
  • results from strong uterine and abdominal muscle contraction
  • rupture of amniotic and allantoic sacs of placenta (usually precedes actual delivery of baby)
140
Q

What is the Third Stage of Labor?

A
  • delivery of the placenta
  • placenta seperates from wall of uterus and is expelled by weaker uterine contractions
141
Q

What is Involution of the Uterus?

A
  • uterus gradually returns to nonpregnant size
  • endometrium sloughs into lumen of uterus at sites of placental attachments
  • myometrium continues mild contractions to move remaining uterine contents out through birth canal
  • may take a few weeks to a month or more for completion

Anatomy And Physiology (6 decks)

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