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Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 15: Endocrine > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Endocrine System?

A

-works together with nervous system to maintain homeostasis -PRIMARY FUNCTION: produce hormones -hormones act on specific target cells to produce specific effects -no ducts

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2
Q

Pancreas

A

-Exocrine: digestive enzymes -Endocrine: insulin, glucagon

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3
Q

Ovary

A

-Exocrine: egg -Endocrine: estrogen, progesterone

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4
Q

Testes

A

-Exocrine: sperm -Endocrine: testosterone

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5
Q

Kidney

A

-Exocrine: urine -Endocrine: erythropoietin

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6
Q

General Function

A

-Endocrine: maintain homeostasis -Nervous: maintain homeostasis

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7
Q

Reaction to Stimuli

A

-Endocrine: slow -Nervous: rapid

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8
Q

Duration of Effect

A

-Endocrine: long -Nervous: short

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9
Q

Target Tissue

A

-Endocrine: entire body -Nervous: muscles and glands

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10
Q

Chemical Messenger

A

-Endocrine: hormone -Nervous: neurotransmitter

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11
Q

Messenger Producing Cell

A

-Endocrine: endocrine gland -Nervous: neurons

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12
Q

Distance to Target Cell

A

-Endocrine: long (via bloodstream) -Nervous: short (across synaptic space)

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13
Q

What are Hormones?

A

-chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands -secreted into interstitial fluid and absorbed into blood vessels -contact all cells in body -produce effects only on cells containing specific receptors -target cell -growth hormone: all cells -Prolactin: mammary tissue

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14
Q

What happens if the Hormone Level is Low?

A

Appropriate endocrine gland is stimulated to produce more hormone

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15
Q

What happens if the Hormone Level is High?

A

Stimulation of endocrine gland is reduced and production of the hormone is stopped/reduced

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16
Q

What is the “fight or flight” control of hormone secretions?

A

Secretion of some hormones is stimulated by sympathetic nerve impulses when an animal feels threatened

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17
Q

What is the Hypothalamus?

A

-controls pituitary gland -part of Diencephalon section of brain -controls activity of pituitary gland -modified neurons in hypothalamus secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones into portal blood vessels

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18
Q

What are Pituitary Glands?

A

-2 separate glands with different structures, functions and embryological origins

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19
Q

What are the 2 Pituitary Glands?

A

-anterior pituitary -posterior pituitary

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20
Q

What is the Anterior Pituitary?

A

-adenohypophysis -rostral position -stimulated by hypothalamus (portal system) and direct (neg) feedback from target tissues to produce hormones

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21
Q

What is the Posterior Pituitary?

A

-neurohypophysis -caudal portion -stores and releases hormones produced in hypothalamus (oxytocin, ADH)

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22
Q

What is Growth Hormone?

A

-aka:somatotropin and somatropic hormone -promotes body growth in young animals -helps regulate metabolism of proteins, carbs and lipids in all body cells

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23
Q

What is the effect of Growth Hormone on protein metabolism?

A

Encourage anabolism (synthesis of proteins by body cells)

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24
Q

What are the effects of Growth Hormone on carb and lipid metabolism?

A

-while lipids are broken down via catabolism for energy production, the use of carbs as energy source is discouraged -less glucose is removed from the blood and hyperglycemia occurs -

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25
Q

What is the Hyperglycemia Effect?

A

Less glucose is removed from the blood and hyperglycemia occurs

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26
Q

What is Prolactin?

A

-helps trigger and maintain lactation in females -secretion of milk by mammary glands -production continues as long as teat/nipples are stimulated by nursing or milking

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27
Q

What happens when Prolactin stimulation stops?

A

-milk production stops - mammary gland shrinks to original/ nonlactating size

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28
Q

What is Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?

A

-AKA: thyrotropin/thryropropic hormone -stimulates growth/development of thyroid gland and causes thyroid to produce its hormones

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29
Q

How is secretion of TSH regulated?

A

-feedback (neg) from thyroid gland -thyroid levels too low: TSH production increases -thyroid levels too high: TSH stops production

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30
Q

What is Adrenocroticotropic Hormone (ACTH)?

A

-stimulates growth/development of adrenal cortex and the release of some of its hormones

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31
Q

How is ACTH regulated?

A

-release of CRF from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary through portal system -neg feedback from adrenal hormones and administered cortisones -during sudden stress, ACTH can quickly be released after the hypothalamus is stimulated to send out ATCH-releasing factor to the anterior pituitary via the portal system

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32
Q

What is Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)?

A

-females: stimulates growth/development of ovarian follicles (where oogenesis occurs) -males: stimulates spermatogenesis in the testes -also stimulates the cells lining the follicles to produce/secrete estrogen -used to super ovulate

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33
Q

What is Lutenizing Hormone (LH)?

A

-completes follicle development in ovary -increasing amounts of estrogens feedback to the anterior pituitary and caused reduced production of FSH and reduced production FSH and increased production of LH

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34
Q

What happens when LH reaches a peak?

A

-reaches a peak when fully mature -usually causes ovulation

35
Q

What happens after ovulation? (LH)

A

-LH stimulates cells in empty follicle to multiply and develop into corpus luteum (CL) -CL produces progesterone necessary for maintenance of pregnancy

36
Q

What is Luteinizing Hormone (LH)?

A

-males: LH stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone

37
Q

What is Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)?

A

-controls color changes in pigment cells of reptiles fish and amphibians -administration of artificially large amounts of MSH to higher mammals can cause darkening of skin from Melanocyte stimulation

38
Q

What is Posterior Pituitary?

A

-stores (does not produce)2 hormones produced in hypothalamus -anti diuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin -transported from hypothalamus to post pituitary along axons and stored in nerve endings

39
Q

What is Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

A

-helps prevent dieresis -receptors in hypothalamus detect changes in osmotic pressure of blood -generates nerves impulses from hypothalamus

40
Q

What is Oxytocin?

A

-uterus: causes concentration of myometrium at breeding and at birth -induces contractions of sperm to eggs -stimulates uterine contractions to help birthing -mammary glands: causes milk letdown to lower parts of gland -stimulation of teat/nipple by nursing or milking causes oxytocin release into blood stream -causes contractions of cells around mammary gland - forces milk into lower parts of gland

41
Q

What is the Thyroid Gland?

A
  • consists of 2 lobes on each side of larynx
  • composed of lots of follicles
    • each is a sphere of cuboidal gladular cells surround colloid, which contains thyroid precursor for later use
  • Produces 2 hormones: Thyroid hormone and Calcitonin
42
Q

What is the Thyroid Hormone?

A
  • actually 2 hormones
    • T3 (triiodothyronine
    • T4 (thyroxine)
  • produced when TSH from anterior pituitar reaches thyroid gland
  • T4 produced in greater amounts, but mostly convereted to T3
  • T3 is more potent and main thyroid hormone
43
Q

What are the effects of Thyroid Hormones?

A
  • Calorgenic effect: regulates metabolic rate (BMR)
    • allows animal to generate heat and maintain internal body temp
    • increases with exposure to cold
      • increases metabolic rate, generates more heat
44
Q

What effects do the Thyroid Hormones have on Proteins?

A
  • encourages synthesis of proteins
  • if energy sources arent enough, they can catabolize proteins
45
Q

What effects do the Thyroid Hormones have on Carbs?

A
  • hyperglycemic effect
  • helps maintain homeostasis of blood glucose level by preventing it from dropping too low
46
Q

What effect does the Thyroid Hormone have on Lipids?

A

-encourages their catabolism

47
Q

What is Hypothyroidism?

A
  • inadequate amount of hormone produced
  • occurs in middle age dogs
48
Q

What are the symptoms of Hypothyroidism?

A
  • alopecia
  • dry skin
  • lethargy
  • reluctance to exercise
  • weight gain/decreased metabolism
  • seeking out sources of heat
49
Q

What is Hyperthyroidism?

A
  • too much thyroid hormone produced
  • most common in cats
50
Q

What are symptoms of Hyperthyroidism?

A
  • nervousness/irritability/excitability
  • weight loss
  • polyphagia, but no weight gain
  • tachycardia
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • polyuria
  • polydipsia
51
Q

How is Hyperthyroidism treated?

A
  • surgically by removing thyroid gland
  • radioactive treatment
  • drugs to supress thyroid production
52
Q

What is a Goiter?

A
  • non cancerous, non inflammatory enlargement of the thyroid gland
  • result from iodine-deficent diet
  • anterior pituitary tries to compensate by making more TSH, but overstimulates gland
  • can be treated with iodine supplements
53
Q

What is Calcitonin?

A
  • produced by C cells (parafollicular cells) located between thyroid follicles
  • maintains homeostasis of blood calcium levels
  • prevents hypercalcemia by decreasing blood calcium levels
  • encourages excess calcium to be deposited in bones
54
Q

What is Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?

A
  • produced by parathyroid glands (small, pale nodules in, on, or near thyroid glands)
  • helps maintain blood calcium levels by producing the opposite effect of calcitonin
  • prevents hypocalcemia by increasing blood calcium if it gets too low
55
Q

What is Hypocalcemia?

A
  • milk fever (when parathormone is overwhelmed in lactating animals)
  • called eclampsia in small animals
  • can cause muscle weaknesss and tremors
  • treated by supplementing calcium rapidly into system
56
Q

What is the Adrenal Cortex?

A
  • located near cranial ends of kidney
  • produce:
    • glucocorticoid hormones (cortisol)
    • mineralcorticoid hormones (aldosterone)
    • sex hormones (adrogens and estrogens)
57
Q

What are Glucocorticoid hormones?

A
  • cortisol
  • causes blood glucose levels to rise due to protein and lipid catabolism causing gluconeogensis
  • increaes body’s resistance to stress, decrease immune response, and decrease inflammation
58
Q

What are Mineralcorticoid hormones?

A
  • aldosterone
  • affects the levels of Na, K and H in body
  • increase sodium reabsorption and potassium/hydrogen excretion in the kidneys
59
Q

What are Sex Hormones?

A

-androgens and estrogens

60
Q

What is Cushing’s Disease?

A

-too much cortisol in system

61
Q

What are symptoms of Cushing’s Disease?

A
  • PU/PD/PP
  • hair loss
  • muscle wasting
  • pot belly
  • slow wound healing
  • caused by pituitary tumor
62
Q

What is Addison’s Disease?

A
  • deficiency of adrenocortical hormones
  • Hypoadrenocorticism

–lack of minearlcorticoids and or glucocorticoids

63
Q

What are symptoms of Addison’s Disease?

A
  • weakness
  • lethargy
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • weight loss
  • can be caused by sudden withdrawl of corticosteroid drugs
64
Q

What is the Adrenal Medulla?

A
  • resembles nervous tissue
  • controlled by sympathetic portion of nervous system
  • produces: epinephrine and norepinehrine
  • increases HR, CO and BP, dilates air passageways in lungs, decreases GI function
65
Q

What is the Pancreas?

A
  • located near duodenum
  • both exocrine and endocrine functions
  • pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans): groups of cells scatterd through pancreas
  • alpha cells:glucagon
  • beta cells: insulin
  • delta cells:somatostatin
66
Q

What are Pancreatic Hormones?

A
  • Insulin
  • glucogen
  • somatostatin
67
Q

What is Insulin?

A
  • lowers blood glucose
  • causes glucose, amino acids and fatty acids to be absorbed into body cells
68
Q

What is Glucagon?

A
  • raises blood glucose
  • stimulates liver cells to convert stored glycogen to glucose
  • stimulating gluconeogensis
69
Q

What is Somatostatin?

A

inhibits release of insulin, glucagon and GH and decreases GI activity

70
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

A
  • pancreatic dysfunction
  • caused by deficency of insulin
  • results from build up of glucose
71
Q

What are symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus?

A
  • polyuria
  • polydipsia
  • polyphagia
  • weight loss
  • weakness
  • not curable but treatable
72
Q

What are Ovaries?

A
  • produces ovas (eggs) and hormones in cycles
  • controlled by FSH and LH (from anterior pituitary)
  • Hormones produced in ovaries : Estrogens and Progesterones
73
Q

What is Estrogen?

A
  • FSH stimulates ovarian follicles to develop
  • increasing estrogen levels cause physical and behavioral changes
  • when follicle is fully mature, LH levels peak
74
Q

What is Progestins?

A
  • group of hormones produced by corpus luteum
  • prepares uterus to recieve fertilized ovum
  • needed to maintain pregnancy
75
Q

What are the Kidneys?

A
  • produce erythropoietin: stimulates red bone marrow to increase production of RBC’s
  • stimulated by hypoxia
  • As RBC production increases, more oxygen is delivered to kidneys
  • lack of production may result in anemia
76
Q

What is the Stomach?

A
  • gastrin is produced by G-cells in the wall of the pyloric antrum
  • stimulated by the presence of food
  • causes HCL secretion, digestive enzyme secretion and encourages contraction of the stomach
77
Q

What are the Small Inestines?

A
  • chyme entering the small intestines cause Secretin and CCK to be released
  • cause stomach motility
  • Secretin stimulates the pancreas to secrete biocarbonate
  • CCK stimulates the gallbladder
78
Q

What is Placenta?

A
  • surrounds developing fetus during pregnancy
  • acts as interface with maternal circulation
  • produces hormones to support and maintain pregnancy
79
Q

What is the Thymus?

A
  • located in cranial mediastinum
  • important during eary development, will shrink
  • important in immune system development

–produces:Thymosin and Thymopoietin

80
Q

What is the Pineal Body?

A
  • influences body’s biological clock
  • melatonin:hormone like substance that affects moods and wake/sleep cycles
81
Q

What are Prostaglandins?

A
  • derived from unsaturated fatty acids
  • sometimes called tissue hormones
  • travel short distances
  • prodced in variety of body tissues: skin, intestines, brain, kidneys, lung, reproductive organs, eye
82
Q

What are the effects of Prostaglandins?

A
  • influence blood pressure
  • GI function
  • respiratory function
  • kidney function
  • blood clotting
  • inflammation
  • reproductive functions
83
Q
A

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