Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 15: Endocrine > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Endocrine System?

A

-works together with nervous system to maintain homeostasis -PRIMARY FUNCTION: produce hormones -hormones act on specific target cells to produce specific effects -no ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pancreas

A

-Exocrine: digestive enzymes -Endocrine: insulin, glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ovary

A

-Exocrine: egg -Endocrine: estrogen, progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Testes

A

-Exocrine: sperm -Endocrine: testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Kidney

A

-Exocrine: urine -Endocrine: erythropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

General Function

A

-Endocrine: maintain homeostasis -Nervous: maintain homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Reaction to Stimuli

A

-Endocrine: slow -Nervous: rapid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Duration of Effect

A

-Endocrine: long -Nervous: short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Target Tissue

A

-Endocrine: entire body -Nervous: muscles and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chemical Messenger

A

-Endocrine: hormone -Nervous: neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Messenger Producing Cell

A

-Endocrine: endocrine gland -Nervous: neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Distance to Target Cell

A

-Endocrine: long (via bloodstream) -Nervous: short (across synaptic space)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are Hormones?

A

-chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands -secreted into interstitial fluid and absorbed into blood vessels -contact all cells in body -produce effects only on cells containing specific receptors -target cell -growth hormone: all cells -Prolactin: mammary tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens if the Hormone Level is Low?

A

Appropriate endocrine gland is stimulated to produce more hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens if the Hormone Level is High?

A

Stimulation of endocrine gland is reduced and production of the hormone is stopped/reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the “fight or flight” control of hormone secretions?

A

Secretion of some hormones is stimulated by sympathetic nerve impulses when an animal feels threatened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the Hypothalamus?

A

-controls pituitary gland -part of Diencephalon section of brain -controls activity of pituitary gland -modified neurons in hypothalamus secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones into portal blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are Pituitary Glands?

A

-2 separate glands with different structures, functions and embryological origins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 2 Pituitary Glands?

A

-anterior pituitary -posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the Anterior Pituitary?

A

-adenohypophysis -rostral position -stimulated by hypothalamus (portal system) and direct (neg) feedback from target tissues to produce hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the Posterior Pituitary?

A

-neurohypophysis -caudal portion -stores and releases hormones produced in hypothalamus (oxytocin, ADH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Growth Hormone?

A

-aka:somatotropin and somatropic hormone -promotes body growth in young animals -helps regulate metabolism of proteins, carbs and lipids in all body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the effect of Growth Hormone on protein metabolism?

A

Encourage anabolism (synthesis of proteins by body cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the effects of Growth Hormone on carb and lipid metabolism?

A

-while lipids are broken down via catabolism for energy production, the use of carbs as energy source is discouraged -less glucose is removed from the blood and hyperglycemia occurs -

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the Hyperglycemia Effect?
Less glucose is removed from the blood and hyperglycemia occurs
26
What is Prolactin?
-helps trigger and maintain lactation in females -secretion of milk by mammary glands -production continues as long as teat/nipples are stimulated by nursing or milking
27
What happens when Prolactin stimulation stops?
-milk production stops - mammary gland shrinks to original/ nonlactating size
28
What is Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?
-AKA: thyrotropin/thryropropic hormone -stimulates growth/development of thyroid gland and causes thyroid to produce its hormones
29
How is secretion of TSH regulated?
-feedback (neg) from thyroid gland -thyroid levels too low: TSH production increases -thyroid levels too high: TSH stops production
30
What is Adrenocroticotropic Hormone (ACTH)?
-stimulates growth/development of adrenal cortex and the release of some of its hormones
31
How is ACTH regulated?
-release of CRF from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary through portal system -neg feedback from adrenal hormones and administered cortisones -during sudden stress, ACTH can quickly be released after the hypothalamus is stimulated to send out ATCH-releasing factor to the anterior pituitary via the portal system
32
What is Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)?
-females: stimulates growth/development of ovarian follicles (where oogenesis occurs) -males: stimulates spermatogenesis in the testes -also stimulates the cells lining the follicles to produce/secrete estrogen -used to super ovulate
33
What is Lutenizing Hormone (LH)?
-completes follicle development in ovary -increasing amounts of estrogens feedback to the anterior pituitary and caused reduced production of FSH and reduced production FSH and increased production of LH
34
What happens when LH reaches a peak?
-reaches a peak when fully mature -usually causes ovulation
35
What happens after ovulation? (LH)
-LH stimulates cells in empty follicle to multiply and develop into corpus luteum (CL) -CL produces progesterone necessary for maintenance of pregnancy
36
What is Luteinizing Hormone (LH)?
-males: LH stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone
37
What is Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)?
-controls color changes in pigment cells of reptiles fish and amphibians -administration of artificially large amounts of MSH to higher mammals can cause darkening of skin from Melanocyte stimulation
38
What is Posterior Pituitary?
-stores (does not produce)2 hormones produced in hypothalamus -anti diuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin -transported from hypothalamus to post pituitary along axons and stored in nerve endings
39
What is Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?
-helps prevent dieresis -receptors in hypothalamus detect changes in osmotic pressure of blood -generates nerves impulses from hypothalamus
40
What is Oxytocin?
-uterus: causes concentration of myometrium at breeding and at birth -induces contractions of sperm to eggs -stimulates uterine contractions to help birthing -mammary glands: causes milk letdown to lower parts of gland -stimulation of teat/nipple by nursing or milking causes oxytocin release into blood stream -causes contractions of cells around mammary gland - forces milk into lower parts of gland
41
What is the Thyroid Gland?
- consists of 2 lobes on each side of larynx - composed of lots of follicles - each is a sphere of cuboidal gladular cells surround colloid, which contains thyroid precursor for later use - Produces 2 hormones: Thyroid hormone and Calcitonin
42
What is the Thyroid Hormone?
- actually 2 hormones - T3 (triiodothyronine - T4 (thyroxine) - produced when TSH from anterior pituitar reaches thyroid gland - T4 produced in greater amounts, but mostly convereted to T3 - T3 is more potent and main thyroid hormone
43
What are the effects of Thyroid Hormones?
- Calorgenic effect: regulates metabolic rate (BMR) - allows animal to generate heat and maintain internal body temp - increases with exposure to cold - increases metabolic rate, generates more heat
44
What effects do the Thyroid Hormones have on Proteins?
- encourages synthesis of proteins - if energy sources arent enough, they can catabolize proteins
45
What effects do the Thyroid Hormones have on Carbs?
- hyperglycemic effect - helps maintain homeostasis of blood glucose level by preventing it from dropping too low
46
What effect does the Thyroid Hormone have on Lipids?
-encourages their catabolism
47
What is Hypothyroidism?
- inadequate amount of hormone produced - occurs in middle age dogs
48
What are the symptoms of Hypothyroidism?
- alopecia - dry skin - lethargy - reluctance to exercise - weight gain/decreased metabolism - seeking out sources of heat
49
What is Hyperthyroidism?
- too much thyroid hormone produced - most common in cats
50
What are symptoms of Hyperthyroidism?
- nervousness/irritability/excitability - weight loss - polyphagia, but no weight gain - tachycardia - vomiting - diarrhea - polyuria - polydipsia
51
How is Hyperthyroidism treated?
- surgically by removing thyroid gland - radioactive treatment - drugs to supress thyroid production
52
What is a Goiter?
- non cancerous, non inflammatory enlargement of the thyroid gland - result from iodine-deficent diet - anterior pituitary tries to compensate by making more TSH, but overstimulates gland - can be treated with iodine supplements
53
What is Calcitonin?
- produced by C cells (parafollicular cells) located between thyroid follicles - maintains homeostasis of blood calcium levels - prevents hypercalcemia by decreasing blood calcium levels - encourages excess calcium to be deposited in bones
54
What is Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?
- produced by parathyroid glands (small, pale nodules in, on, or near thyroid glands) - helps maintain blood calcium levels by producing the opposite effect of calcitonin - prevents hypocalcemia by increasing blood calcium if it gets too low
55
What is Hypocalcemia?
- milk fever (when parathormone is overwhelmed in lactating animals) - called eclampsia in small animals - can cause muscle weaknesss and tremors - treated by supplementing calcium rapidly into system
56
What is the Adrenal Cortex?
- located near cranial ends of kidney - produce: - glucocorticoid hormones (cortisol) - mineralcorticoid hormones (aldosterone) - sex hormones (adrogens and estrogens)
57
What are Glucocorticoid hormones?
- cortisol - causes blood glucose levels to rise due to protein and lipid catabolism causing gluconeogensis - increaes body's resistance to stress, decrease immune response, and decrease inflammation
58
What are Mineralcorticoid hormones?
- aldosterone - affects the levels of Na, K and H in body - increase sodium reabsorption and potassium/hydrogen excretion in the kidneys
59
What are Sex Hormones?
-androgens and estrogens
60
What is Cushing's Disease?
-too much cortisol in system
61
What are symptoms of Cushing's Disease?
- PU/PD/PP - hair loss - muscle wasting - pot belly - slow wound healing - caused by pituitary tumor
62
What is Addison's Disease?
- deficiency of adrenocortical hormones - Hypoadrenocorticism --lack of minearlcorticoids and or glucocorticoids
63
What are symptoms of Addison's Disease?
- weakness - lethargy - vomiting - diarrhea - weight loss - can be caused by sudden withdrawl of corticosteroid drugs
64
What is the Adrenal Medulla?
- resembles nervous tissue - controlled by sympathetic portion of nervous system - produces: epinephrine and norepinehrine - increases HR, CO and BP, dilates air passageways in lungs, decreases GI function
65
What is the Pancreas?
- located near duodenum - both exocrine and endocrine functions - pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans): groups of cells scatterd through pancreas - alpha cells:glucagon - beta cells: insulin - delta cells:somatostatin
66
What are Pancreatic Hormones?
- Insulin - glucogen - somatostatin
67
What is Insulin?
- lowers blood glucose - causes glucose, amino acids and fatty acids to be absorbed into body cells
68
What is Glucagon?
- raises blood glucose - stimulates liver cells to convert stored glycogen to glucose - stimulating gluconeogensis
69
What is Somatostatin?
inhibits release of insulin, glucagon and GH and decreases GI activity
70
What is Diabetes Mellitus?
- pancreatic dysfunction - caused by deficency of insulin - results from build up of glucose
71
What are symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus?
- polyuria - polydipsia - polyphagia - weight loss - weakness - not curable but treatable
72
What are Ovaries?
- produces ovas (eggs) and hormones in cycles - controlled by FSH and LH (from anterior pituitary) - Hormones produced in ovaries : Estrogens and Progesterones
73
What is Estrogen?
- FSH stimulates ovarian follicles to develop - increasing estrogen levels cause physical and behavioral changes - when follicle is fully mature, LH levels peak
74
What is Progestins?
- group of hormones produced by corpus luteum - prepares uterus to recieve fertilized ovum - needed to maintain pregnancy
75
What are the Kidneys?
- produce erythropoietin: stimulates red bone marrow to increase production of RBC's - stimulated by hypoxia - As RBC production increases, more oxygen is delivered to kidneys - lack of production may result in anemia
76
What is the Stomach?
- gastrin is produced by G-cells in the wall of the pyloric antrum - stimulated by the presence of food - causes HCL secretion, digestive enzyme secretion and encourages contraction of the stomach
77
What are the Small Inestines?
- chyme entering the small intestines cause Secretin and CCK to be released - cause stomach motility - Secretin stimulates the pancreas to secrete biocarbonate - CCK stimulates the gallbladder
78
What is Placenta?
- surrounds developing fetus during pregnancy - acts as interface with maternal circulation - produces hormones to support and maintain pregnancy
79
What is the Thymus?
- located in cranial mediastinum - important during eary development, will shrink - important in immune system development --produces:Thymosin and Thymopoietin
80
What is the Pineal Body?
- influences body's biological clock - melatonin:hormone like substance that affects moods and wake/sleep cycles
81
What are Prostaglandins?
- derived from unsaturated fatty acids - sometimes called tissue hormones - travel short distances - prodced in variety of body tissues: skin, intestines, brain, kidneys, lung, reproductive organs, eye
82
What are the effects of Prostaglandins?
- influence blood pressure - GI function - respiratory function - kidney function - blood clotting - inflammation - reproductive functions
83

Anatomy And Physiology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions