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Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 13: Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main divisions of the Nervous System?

A
  • Central Nervous System

- Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

What structures are located in the Central Nervous System?

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

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3
Q

What structures are located in the Peripheral Nervous System?

A
  • nerves that come off of the CNS

- innervate rest of the body

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4
Q

What are the functions of the Nervous System?

A
  • sensory
  • Integrating
  • motor
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5
Q

What is the Sensory function of the Nervous System?

A

Sense changes within or outside the body and sends it to the spinal cord and brain

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6
Q

What is the Integrating function of the Nervous System?

A

-brain and spinal cord receive, store and integrate the information to produce a response

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7
Q

What is the Motor Function of the Nervous System?

A

Instruction of the body to do something

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8
Q

What are Neurons?

A
  • basic functional units of the Nervous System
  • have a high requirement for Oxygen
  • cant reproduce
  • can regenerate, but cell body has to be intact
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9
Q

What are Neuroglia?

A
  • glial cells, not neurons
  • provide structural and functional support
  • provides protection to neurons
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10
Q

What is the Soma/Perikaryon?

A

Central cell body

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11
Q

What are the 2 cell processes found in the Nervous System?

A
  • dendrites

- axons

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12
Q

What are Dendrites?

A
  • receive stimuli/impulses from other neurons and transmit information TO soma
  • can be sensory receptors
  • short and branched
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13
Q

What are Axons?

A
  • conduct nerve impulses AWAY from soma, towards another neuron or an effector cell (muscle, gland)
  • long,single process
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14
Q

What is Myelin?

A

Fatty/protein substance that covers axons

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15
Q

What is White Matter?

A

Nervous tissue containing myelinated axons

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16
Q

What is a Myelin Sheath?

A

Cell membrane of glial cells tightly wrapped around axon

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17
Q

Where are Oligodendrocytes located?

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

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18
Q

Where are Schwann Cells located?

A

Nerves outside brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

What are Nodes of Ranvier?

A
  • gaps in the myelin sheath between adjacent glial cells

- works with myelin sheaths to enhance the speed of conduction of nerve impulses along the axon

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20
Q

What is the PNS?

A

-extends outward from the central axis toward the periphery of the body

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21
Q

Where do Cranial Nerves originate?

A

Directly from the brain

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22
Q

Where do Spinal Nerves originate?

A

Spinal cord

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23
Q

What are Afferent Nerves?

A
  • conduct impulses TOWARD CNS
  • AKA: sensory nerves
  • conduct sensations from sensory receptors in skin and other locations in the CNS
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24
Q

What are Efferent Nerves?

A
  • conduct impulses AWAY from CNS
  • AKA: motor nerves
  • cause skeletal contraction/movement
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25
Q

What is the Somatic Nervous System?

A
  • actions under CONSCIOUS or voluntary control
  • motor nerves lead skeletal muscle and cause limb or body movement
  • EX: turning your head when your name is called
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26
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System?

A
  • motor nerves lead to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
  • EX:slowing of the heart rate in response to an increased blood pressure
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27
Q

What is Sympathetic Division?

A

Fight or flight

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28
Q

What is Parasympathetic Division?

A

Feed or breed

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29
Q

What is the Resting Rate?

A
  • when neuron is not stimulated

- still working to maintain a resting state (Na/K pump)

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30
Q

What is Resting Membrane Potential?

A
  • difference in electrical charge across neuronal membrane
  • due to differences in distribution of positive and negative charges from sodium, potassium, proteins and other charged ions on either side of the neuronal membrane
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31
Q

What is the Resting Membrane Potential number?

A

-70mV

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32
Q

What is the function of the Na/K pump?

A

Maintains a negatively charged resting membrane potential

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33
Q

What is the Na/K pump?

A

-Specialized molecules located in the neuron’s cell membrane that maintains cell resting state

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34
Q

What does the Na/K pump pump out of the neuron?

A

3(Na+)

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35
Q

What does the Na/K pump pump into the neuron?

A

2(K+)

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36
Q

What are the steps in Depolarization?

A
  • neuron receives external stimulus
  • Na+ channel opens on cell membrane
  • Na+ flow into cell by passive diffusion
    • down concentration gradient
  • inside of neuron goes from NEGATIVE to POSITIVE due to inflow of Na+ ions
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37
Q

What is Action Potential?

A

Significant change in electrical charge

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38
Q

What are the steps in Repolarization?

A
  • Na+ channels close
  • K+ channels open
  • K+ diffuses out of cell
  • resting potential (charge) is restored
    • cell is repolarized
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39
Q

What happens after Repolarization?

A
  • Na+/K+ pump moves ions back to their original state

- resting state is restored

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40
Q

What is the “All or Nothing” principle?

A

Neuron depolarizes to its maximum strength or not at all

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41
Q

What is the Wave of Depolarization?

A

Strong stimuli cause numerous sodium channels to open

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42
Q

What is Conduction of the Action Principle?

A

Spreading wave of opening Na+ channels in sufficient numbers to allow sodium influx and depolarization

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43
Q

What is the Refractory Period?

A
  • time period when sensitivity of neuron is reduced

- cell is still in depolarization/early repolarization

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44
Q

What is the Absolute Refractory Period?

A
  • during Na+ influx and early K+ outflow

- no amount of stimulus can cause depolarization

45
Q

What is the Relative Refractory Period?

A
  • during end of repolarization period

- strong stimulus can cause depolarization

46
Q

What is Saltatory Conduction?

A

-rapid means of conducting an action potential

47
Q

Where is the only place that depolarization of myelinated axons can take place?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

48
Q

What prevents sodium from entering the cell?

A

Myelin sheath

49
Q

What are Local Anesthetics?

A
  • work by blocking the propagation of the action potential
  • blocks Na channels
    • sodium can’t flow into the cell, so threshold is not achieved
  • EX:lidocaine
50
Q

What is a Synapse?

A

-junction between 2 neurons of a neuron and a target cell

51
Q

What is a Synaptic Cleft?

A

-gap between adjacent neurons/effector cells

52
Q

What is a Presynaptic Neuron?

A
  • Neuron bringing the depolarization wave to the synapse

- releases neurotransmitter

53
Q

What is the Postsynaptic Neuron?

A

Contains receptors for the neurotransmitter

54
Q

Where does the axon of a Presynaptic neuron end?

A
  • as a branched structure

- telodendron

55
Q

What is a Terminal Bouton?

A

Slightly enlarged bulb at end of axon

56
Q

What happens when the depolarization wave reaches the axon terminal?

A

Calcium channels open and cause vesicles to fuse with cellular membrane and release neurotransmitter into the synapse

57
Q

Where do Neurotransmitters diffuse?

A
  • Across synaptic cleft towards Postsynaptic membrane
  • receptors on Postsynaptic membrane bind Neurotransmitters
  • receptors are very specific for each neurotransmitter
58
Q

What is Excitatory Neurotransmitters?

A
  • Usually cause an influx of Na+

- Postsynaptic membrane moves towards threshold (more positive)

59
Q

What are Inhibitory Neurotransmitters?

A
  • move the charge of Postsynaptic cell farther away from threshold (more negative)
  • may open K+ channels/Cl- channels
60
Q

What is Acetylcholine?

A

Can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on location in the body

61
Q

What are Catecholamines?

A
  • can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on location

- epinephrine associated with fight or flight reactions

62
Q

What is GABA?

A

Inhibitory transmitter in the brain

63
Q

What is Glycine?

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord

64
Q

What is Acetylcholinesterase?

A
  • Found on Postsynaptic membrane

- breaks down acetylcholine

65
Q

What is Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)?

A

Breaks down norepinephrine

66
Q

What is Catechol-O-methyl Transferase (COMT)?

A

Breaks down norepinephrine that is not reabsorbed

67
Q

What are the structures in the Central Nervous System?

A
  • brain
    • cerebrum
    • cerebellum
    • diencephalon
    • brain stem
  • spinal cord
68
Q

What is the Cerebrum?

A
  • gray matter
  • white matter
  • area of brain responsible for higher-order behaviors (learning, intelligence, awareness, etc…)
69
Q

What is Gray Matter?

A
  • cerebral cortex

- outer layer of brain

70
Q

What is White Matter?

A

-fibers beneath cortex and corpus callosum (fibers that connect the 2 halves of the cerebral cortex)

71
Q

What are Gyri (Gyrus)?

A

Folds (rises) in cerebral hemisphere

72
Q

What are Sulci (Sulcus)?

A
  • shallow grooves

- divides cerebral hemispheres into lobes

73
Q

What are Fissures?

A

Deep grooves separating the Gyri

-longitudinal fissures: prominent groove that divides the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemisphere

74
Q

What is the Cerebellum?

A
  • located just caudal to the cerebrum

- area responsible for coordinated movement, balance, posture and complex reflexes

75
Q

What is Diencephalon?

A

-passageway between brain stem and cerebrum

76
Q

What structures are associated with the Diencephalon?

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
77
Q

What is the Brain Stem?

A
  • Connection between brain and spinal cord

- area of brain responsible for basic (conscious, autonomic) functions of the body

78
Q

What structures are associated with the Brain Stem?

A
  • medulla oblongata
  • pons
  • midbrain
79
Q

What functions of the body is the Brain Stem responsible for?

A
  • heart rate
  • breathing, coughing, sneezing
  • blood pressure
80
Q

Where do many of the Cranial Nerves originate from?

A

Brain stem

81
Q

What is the Meninges?

A

-connective tissue layer that surrounds the brain and spinal cord
-contains blood vessels, fluid and fat
-supply nutrients and oxygen to the superficial tissues of the
brain and spinal cord
-provides some cushioning and distribution of nutrients for CNS

82
Q

What are the 3 layers of the Meninges?

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid
  • pia mater
83
Q

What is the Dura Mater layer of the Meninges?

A

Tough, fibrous

84
Q

What is the Arachnoid layer of the Meninges?

A

Delicate, spider-web like

85
Q

What is the Pia Mater layer of the Meninges?

A
  • very thin

- lies directly on surface of brain and spinal cord

86
Q

What is Cerebrospinal Fluid?

A
  • fluid between arachnoid and Pia mater and in canals and ventricles inside brain and central canal of spinal cord
  • provides cushioning functions
  • regulation of autonomic functions such as respiration and vomiting
87
Q

What is the Blood Brain Barrier?

A
  • separates the capillaries in the brain from the nervous tissue
  • prevents many drugs,proteins,ions and other molecules from readily passing from blood into brain
88
Q

What are Cranial Nerves?

A

12 nerve pairs in PNS that originate directly from brain

89
Q

What are the parts of the Spinal Cord?

A
  • medulla
  • central canal
  • cortex
  • dorsal and ventral roots
90
Q

What is the Medulla part of the Spinal Cord?

A
  • central part of spinal cord
  • composed of gray mater
  • a lot of nerve processing occurs here
91
Q

What is the Central Canal part of the spinal cord?

A

Center of medulla

92
Q

What is the Cortex part of the spinal cord?

A
  • outer part of spinal cord
  • consists of white matter
  • contains myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
  • surrounds gray matter
93
Q

What are the Dorsal and Ventral Nerves?

A

Emerge as spinal nerves from between each pair of adjacent vertebrae

  • dorsal:sensory
  • ventral: motor
94
Q

What is the function of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A
  • controls autonomic functions at subconscious level
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
95
Q

What are they Sympathetic part of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A
  • Nerves emerge from thoracic and lumbar vertebrae regions

- thoracolumbar system

96
Q

What is the Parasympathetic part of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A
  • nerves that emerge from the brain and sacrum

- cranial sacral

97
Q

What are Adrenergic Neurons?

A

Neurons that release norepinephrine

98
Q

What is a1?

A
  • Adrenergic receptors

- cause vasoconstriction of skin,GI tract and kidney

99
Q

What is B1?

A
  • Adrenergic receptors

- increase heart rate and force of contraction

100
Q

What is B2?

A
  • Adrenergic receptors

- cause bronchodilation (relaxation)

101
Q

What is the 1* neurotransmitter for the Sympathetic Nervous System?

A

Norepinephrine

102
Q

What is the 1* neurotransmitter for the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

A

Acetylcholine

103
Q

What are Cholinergic Neurons?

A
  • release acetylcholine
  • 2 types:
    • Nicotinic receptors
    • Muscarinic receptors
104
Q

What are Somatic Reflexes?

A

Involve contraction of skeletal muscles

105
Q

What are Autonomic Reflexes?

A

Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and endocrine glands

106
Q

What are Contralateral Reflexes?

A

Starts on one side of the body and travels to the opposite side

107
Q

What are Ipsilateral Reflexes?

A

Stimulus and response are on same side of the body

108
Q

What are the 5 components of the Reflex Arc?

A
  • sensory receptor: activated by stimulus
  • sensory neuron:transports AP to gray mater of spinal cord or brain stem and synapses with other neurons
  • interneuron:sensory info integrated with info from other sensory neurons
  • motor neuron:response is sent out via motor neuron
  • target organ:effector cell
109
Q

What are Withdrawal Reflexes?

A
  • “flexor reflex”
  • several interneuron synapses
  • results in:
    • contraction of muscles
    • inhibition of antagonist

Anatomy And Physiology (6 decks)

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