Urine Flashcards
1
Q
What is Waste Excretion?
A
Chemical reactions in the body result in waste products that may be potentially harmful, therefore must be eliminated
2
Q
What are examples of Metabolic Waste Products?
A
- carbon dioxide
- urea
- salts
3
Q
What are Methods of Elimination?
A
- respiratory system
- urinary system
- digestive system
- sweat
4
Q
What are the parts of the Urinary System?
A
- 2 kidneys
- 2 ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra
5
Q
Kidneys
A
-2 -make urine and carry out other vital functions
6
Q
Ureters
A
-2 -carry urine to the urinary bladder
7
Q
Urinary Bladder
A
Collects, stores and releases urine
8
Q
Urethra
A
Carries urine from the body to the external environment
9
Q
Nephro/Reno
A
Kidney
10
Q
Nephrology
A
Study of the kidney
11
Q
Diuresis
A
Producing and passing large amounts of urine
12
Q
Oliguria
A
Passing small amounts of urine
13
Q
Anuria
A
No urine is passed from the body
14
Q
Dysuria
A
Difficult urination
15
Q
Hematuria
A
Blood in urine
16
Q
Polyuria
A
Increased urine volume
17
Q
What are the functions of the Kidneys?
A
- maintain homeostasis
- blood filtration, reabsorption and secretion
- fluid balance regulation
- acid-base regulation
- electrolyte regulation
- hormone production
18
Q
Blood Filtration, Reabsorption and Secretion
A
- blood is flitered
- useful substances are returned to circulation
- waste product is secreted
19
Q
Fluid Balance Regulation
A
makes sure body has enough water to maintain a healthy environment
20
Q
Acid Base Regulation
A
ability to remove hydrogen and bicarbonate ions from blood
21
Q
Electrolyte Regulation
A
- Na+, K+, Cl-
- can be fatal outside of normal levels
22
Q
Hormone Production
A
- kidneys produce erythropoietin (necessary for RBC production)
- produce some prostoglandins
- influenced by antidiuretic hormone (posterior pituitary and Aldosterone (adrenal cortex)
23
Q
Where are the Kidneys located?
A
- dorsal part of abdomen
- ventral to and on either side of first few lumbaar vertebrae
- retroperitoneal to abdominal cavity
- considered to be outside the body
- somewhat move
-
24
Q
What is Perirenal Fat?
A
-surrounds and helps protect from exertion from other organs
25
What does the Kidney look like?
- bean shaped
- covered in fibrous connective capsule
- reddish brown
- smooth surface
26
Which animal has a multi lobed kidney?
cattle
27
What is the Hilius?
- indented area on medial side of kidney
- ureters, nerves, blood, and lymph vessels enter/leave kidney here
28
What is the Renal Pelvis?
- funnel shaped area inside hilus
- forms beginning of ureter
- lined with strechy transitional epithelium
29
What animal doesn't have a Renal Pelvis?
cattle
30
What is the Cortex?
- outer portion of kidney
- rough granular appearance
- reddish brown
31
What is the Medulla?
- inner portion around renal pelvis
- smooth
- dark purple outer area
- grey/red inner area
- varie with species : can be multipyramidal (multilobar)or unipyramidal (unilobar)
32
What is the Calyx?
- funnel like extension of renal pelvis
- medullary pyramids drain here
- calyces funnel flluid into renal pelvis
33
What is the Nephron?
- basic functional unit of kidney
- job is to filter, reabsorb and secrete
- smallest part of kidney
- number varies per kidney and species
34
How many Nephron do humans, sheep and pigs have?
1 million
35
How many Nephrons do cats have?
200,000
36
What is a Nephron composed of?
- renal corpuscle: Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
- Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
- Loop of Henle
- Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
37
What is the Renal Corpuscle?
- located in cortex of kidney
- function: filter blood in first stage of urine production
- made up of Glmoeruls and Bowman's capsule
38
What is Glomerular Filtrate?
first stage of urine production
39
What is the Glomerulus?
tuft of glomerular capillaries
40
What is the Bowman's Capsule?
double walled capsule that surrounds the glomerulus
41
What are the layers of the Bowman's Capsule?
- inner visceral layer
- outer parietal layer
42
What is the Capsular Space?
- space between the 2 layers of bowman's capsule
- continuous with the proximal convoluted tube
43
What is the Proximal Convoluted Tube (PCT)?
- contiuation of the capsular space of the Bowman's capsule
- longest part of the tubular system of the nephron
- glomerular filtrate becomes tubular filtrate (primitive urine)
44
What cells make up the PCT?
- cuboidal
- have brush border on lumen side
45
What is the Loop of Henle?
- continued from PCT
- descends into medulla of kidney
- ascends back into cortex
46
What is the Descending Portion of the Loop of Henle?
epithelial cells like PCT and brush border
47
What happens at the bottom of the Loop of Henle?
- epithelium flatten to simple squamous
- loses brush border
48
What happes at the Ascending Portion of the Loop of Henle?
- wall becomes thicker again
- no brush border
49
What is the Distal Convoluted Tube (DCT)?
-contiuation of ascending portion of Loop of Henle
50
Where do all the DCT's from all Nephrons empty?
- series of collecting ducts which carry tubular filtrate through medulla
- enventually empty it into renal pelvis that becomes ureter
51
The DCT and Collecting Ducts are the sites of action for:
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- regulation of K+
- Acid-base balance
52
What supplies the Nerve Supply to the Kidneys?
- sympathetic portion of autonomic nervous system
- sympathetic stimulation decreases the diameter of blood vessels leading to kidneys
53
Where does the Nerve Supply to the Kidneys controls blood flow to?
-through the glomerular capillaries
54
Why do transplanted kidneys work?
nerve supply is not essential to kidney function
55
How long does it take blood to circulate through the kidneys?
4-5 minutes
56
What structures make up the Blood Supply to the Kidneys?
- Renal Artery
- Afferent Glomerular Arterioles
- Glomerular Capillaries
- Efferent Glomerular Arterioles
- Peritubular Capillaries
- Renal Vein
57
What are the Renal Arteries?
- branch off aorta and enter kidneys at Hilus
- divides smaller and smaller until it becomes Afferent Glomerular Arterioles
58
What are the Afferent Golmerular Arterioles?
carry blood into the Glomerular Capillaries of the Renal Corpuscle
59
What are the Glomerular Capillaries?
- continuation of Afferent Glomerular Arterioles
- fliter plasma from blood into capsular space (Glomerular filtrate)
- only place in body where blood that enters and leaves capillaries is still oxygenated!
60
What are Efferent Glomerular Arterioles?
- recieve (arterial) blood from Glomerular Capillaries
- divide into Peritubular Capillaries
61
What are Peritubular Capillaries?
- surround Nephron and converge to form venules to become renal vein
- oxygen transfer occurs here
- usuable substances are removed from Tubular Filtrate and reabsorbed
- other waste substances are secreted into filtrate here as well
62
What is the Renal Vein?
- leaves kidney at Hilus and joins abdominal portion of the Caudal Vena Cava
- Purest Blood In The Body!
