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Anatomy And Physiology > Urine > Flashcards

Urine Flashcards

1
Q

What is Waste Excretion?

A

Chemical reactions in the body result in waste products that may be potentially harmful, therefore must be eliminated

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2
Q

What are examples of Metabolic Waste Products?

A
  • carbon dioxide
  • urea
  • salts
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3
Q

What are Methods of Elimination?

A
  • respiratory system
  • urinary system
  • digestive system
  • sweat
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4
Q

What are the parts of the Urinary System?

A
  • 2 kidneys
  • 2 ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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5
Q

Kidneys

A

-2 -make urine and carry out other vital functions

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6
Q

Ureters

A

-2 -carry urine to the urinary bladder

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7
Q

Urinary Bladder

A

Collects, stores and releases urine

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8
Q

Urethra

A

Carries urine from the body to the external environment

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9
Q

Nephro/Reno

A

Kidney

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10
Q

Nephrology

A

Study of the kidney

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11
Q

Diuresis

A

Producing and passing large amounts of urine

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12
Q

Oliguria

A

Passing small amounts of urine

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13
Q

Anuria

A

No urine is passed from the body

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14
Q

Dysuria

A

Difficult urination

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15
Q

Hematuria

A

Blood in urine

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16
Q

Polyuria

A

Increased urine volume

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17
Q

What are the functions of the Kidneys?

A
  • maintain homeostasis
  • blood filtration, reabsorption and secretion
  • fluid balance regulation
  • acid-base regulation
  • electrolyte regulation
  • hormone production
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18
Q

Blood Filtration, Reabsorption and Secretion

A
  • blood is flitered
  • useful substances are returned to circulation
  • waste product is secreted
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19
Q

Fluid Balance Regulation

A

makes sure body has enough water to maintain a healthy environment

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20
Q

Acid Base Regulation

A

ability to remove hydrogen and bicarbonate ions from blood

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21
Q

Electrolyte Regulation

A
  • Na+, K+, Cl-
  • can be fatal outside of normal levels
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22
Q

Hormone Production

A
  • kidneys produce erythropoietin (necessary for RBC production)
  • produce some prostoglandins
  • influenced by antidiuretic hormone (posterior pituitary and Aldosterone (adrenal cortex)
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23
Q

Where are the Kidneys located?

A
  • dorsal part of abdomen
  • ventral to and on either side of first few lumbaar vertebrae
  • retroperitoneal to abdominal cavity
  • considered to be outside the body
  • somewhat move

-

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24
Q

What is Perirenal Fat?

A

-surrounds and helps protect from exertion from other organs

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25
Q

What does the Kidney look like?

A
  • bean shaped
  • covered in fibrous connective capsule
  • reddish brown
  • smooth surface
26
Q

Which animal has a multi lobed kidney?

A

cattle

27
Q

What is the Hilius?

A
  • indented area on medial side of kidney
  • ureters, nerves, blood, and lymph vessels enter/leave kidney here
28
Q

What is the Renal Pelvis?

A
  • funnel shaped area inside hilus
  • forms beginning of ureter
  • lined with strechy transitional epithelium
29
Q

What animal doesn’t have a Renal Pelvis?

A

cattle

30
Q

What is the Cortex?

A
  • outer portion of kidney
  • rough granular appearance
  • reddish brown
31
Q

What is the Medulla?

A
  • inner portion around renal pelvis
  • smooth
  • dark purple outer area
  • grey/red inner area
  • varie with species : can be multipyramidal (multilobar)or unipyramidal (unilobar)
32
Q

What is the Calyx?

A
  • funnel like extension of renal pelvis
  • medullary pyramids drain here
  • calyces funnel flluid into renal pelvis
33
Q

What is the Nephron?

A
  • basic functional unit of kidney
  • job is to filter, reabsorb and secrete
  • smallest part of kidney
  • number varies per kidney and species
34
Q

How many Nephron do humans, sheep and pigs have?

A

1 million

35
Q

How many Nephrons do cats have?

A

200,000

36
Q

What is a Nephron composed of?

A
  • renal corpuscle: Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus
  • Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
37
Q

What is the Renal Corpuscle?

A
  • located in cortex of kidney
  • function: filter blood in first stage of urine production
  • made up of Glmoeruls and Bowman’s capsule
38
Q

What is Glomerular Filtrate?

A

first stage of urine production

39
Q

What is the Glomerulus?

A

tuft of glomerular capillaries

40
Q

What is the Bowman’s Capsule?

A

double walled capsule that surrounds the glomerulus

41
Q

What are the layers of the Bowman’s Capsule?

A
  • inner visceral layer
  • outer parietal layer
42
Q

What is the Capsular Space?

A
  • space between the 2 layers of bowman’s capsule
  • continuous with the proximal convoluted tube
43
Q

What is the Proximal Convoluted Tube (PCT)?

A
  • contiuation of the capsular space of the Bowman’s capsule
  • longest part of the tubular system of the nephron
  • glomerular filtrate becomes tubular filtrate (primitive urine)
44
Q

What cells make up the PCT?

A
  • cuboidal
  • have brush border on lumen side
45
Q

What is the Loop of Henle?

A
  • continued from PCT
  • descends into medulla of kidney
  • ascends back into cortex
46
Q

What is the Descending Portion of the Loop of Henle?

A

epithelial cells like PCT and brush border

47
Q

What happens at the bottom of the Loop of Henle?

A
  • epithelium flatten to simple squamous
  • loses brush border
48
Q

What happes at the Ascending Portion of the Loop of Henle?

A
  • wall becomes thicker again
  • no brush border
49
Q

What is the Distal Convoluted Tube (DCT)?

A

-contiuation of ascending portion of Loop of Henle

50
Q

Where do all the DCT’s from all Nephrons empty?

A
  • series of collecting ducts which carry tubular filtrate through medulla
  • enventually empty it into renal pelvis that becomes ureter
51
Q

The DCT and Collecting Ducts are the sites of action for:

A
  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • regulation of K+
  • Acid-base balance
52
Q

What supplies the Nerve Supply to the Kidneys?

A
  • sympathetic portion of autonomic nervous system
  • sympathetic stimulation decreases the diameter of blood vessels leading to kidneys
53
Q

Where does the Nerve Supply to the Kidneys controls blood flow to?

A

-through the glomerular capillaries

54
Q

Why do transplanted kidneys work?

A

nerve supply is not essential to kidney function

55
Q

How long does it take blood to circulate through the kidneys?

A

4-5 minutes

56
Q

What structures make up the Blood Supply to the Kidneys?

A
  • Renal Artery
  • Afferent Glomerular Arterioles
  • Glomerular Capillaries
  • Efferent Glomerular Arterioles
  • Peritubular Capillaries
  • Renal Vein
57
Q

What are the Renal Arteries?

A
  • branch off aorta and enter kidneys at Hilus
  • divides smaller and smaller until it becomes Afferent Glomerular Arterioles
58
Q

What are the Afferent Golmerular Arterioles?

A

carry blood into the Glomerular Capillaries of the Renal Corpuscle

59
Q

What are the Glomerular Capillaries?

A
  • continuation of Afferent Glomerular Arterioles
  • fliter plasma from blood into capsular space (Glomerular filtrate)
  • only place in body where blood that enters and leaves capillaries is still oxygenated!
60
Q

What are Efferent Glomerular Arterioles?

A
  • recieve (arterial) blood from Glomerular Capillaries
  • divide into Peritubular Capillaries
61
Q

What are Peritubular Capillaries?

A
  • surround Nephron and converge to form venules to become renal vein
  • oxygen transfer occurs here
  • usuable substances are removed from Tubular Filtrate and reabsorbed
  • other waste substances are secreted into filtrate here as well
62
Q

What is the Renal Vein?

A
  • leaves kidney at Hilus and joins abdominal portion of the Caudal Vena Cava
  • Purest Blood In The Body!

Anatomy And Physiology (6 decks)

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