Final Review Flashcards
1
Q
The central nervous system consists of the brain and the:
A
spinal cord
2
Q
Nerve fibers encased in a white sheath of fatty material are termed:
A
myelinated
3
Q
Branch like structres that conduct impulses toward the nerve cell body are called:
A
dendrites
4
Q
There are ____ pairs of cranial nerves
A
12
5
Q
Grey matter is composed of:
A
Myelinated Axons
6
Q
Cerebral spinal fluid is found in the subarachnoid space and the:
A
central canal of spinal cord
7
Q
Which substance is a catecholamine?
A
norepineprine
8
Q
Which enzyme inactivates acetylcholine?
A
acetylcholinesterase
9
Q
Nerve fibers that carry information toward the spinal cord/brain are termed
A
afferent
10
Q
The junction between 2 neurons or a neuron and a target cell is a:
A
synapse
11
Q
The term “white matter” indicates the presence of :
A
myelinated axons
12
Q
Which cranial nerve conducts motor impulses to the tounge?
A
hypoglossal
13
Q
Soma is another name for:
A
nerve cell body
14
Q
Parasympathetic nerves emerge from this area of the spinal cord:
A
cranial-sacral
15
Q
Efferent neurons are also:
A
motor
16
Q
The neurotransmitter that is most responsible for the “fight or flight” reaction is:
A
norepinephrine
17
Q
What happens within the neuron that allows local anesthetic to be effective?
A
sodium channels are blocked
18
Q
Functions that an animal does not conciously control, such as peristalisis, are influenced by the:
A
autonomic nervous system
19
Q
Gaps in the myelin sheath between adjacent glial cells are known as:
A
nodes of ranvier
20
Q
_____= when neuron is not being stimulated and has a negative charge
A
resting state
21
Q
The action of the sodium/potassium pump is to pump ___ ions out of the cell and ____ions into the cell
A
3Na+, 2 K+
22
Q
Sodium and potassium move through their gated channels in the cell membrane during an action potential. This movement is due to:
A
concentration and electrical gradient
23
Q
” A neuron depolarizes to it’s maximum strength, or it doesnt depolarize at all”. This statement describes the:
A
all or nothing principle
24
Q
Adrenergic neurons release ____ as their neurotransmitter
A
norepinephrine
25
B1 adrenergic receptors are found in this location:
heart
26
\_\_\_\_\_ reflexes start on one side of the body and travels to the opposite side
contralateral
27
True or False:
Oligodendrocytes can be found in the peripheral nervous system
False
28
True or False:
Unmyelinated axons conduct impulses slower than myelinated ones
False
29
True or False:
Cranial nerves originate directly from the brain
True
30
True or False:
The somatic nervous system is under concious, voluntary control
False
31
True or False:
The resting membrane potential inside the cell is -70mv
True
32
True or False:
At a synapse, the postsynaptic neuron releases the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
True
33
True or False:
Postsynaptic neuron receptors are universal and not specifically designed for a certain neurotransmitter
True
34
True or False:
Inhibitory neurotransmitters work by opening K+ or Cl- channels on postsynaptic neurons
False
35
True or False:
Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine can both be excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters
False
36
True or False:
In the brain, the gray matter is located outside the white matter
False
37
True or False:
The Dura Mater is the tough, fibrous outer most layer of the meninges
False
38
True or False:
The blood brain barrier serves to prevent drugs from passing through the capillaries into the brain
True
39
True or False:
The optic, oculomotor, trochlear and abducent nerves innervate the eye
False
40
True or False:
The dorsal nerve root contains motor fiber endings entering the spinal cord
True
41
True or False:
The sympathetic nervous system is know to have short preganglionic neurons
True
42
True or False:
The stretch reflex (knee tap) is a monosynaptic, ipislateral reflex
True
43
True or False:
The withdrawal reflex involves several segments of the spinal cord due to multiple muscles that are flexed
True
44
True or False:
After birth, neurons lose their ability to regenerate
False
45
The ___ pleura covers the surface of the lungs
visceral
46
The transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood in the alveoli is accomplished by:
simple diffusion
47
The epithelium lining the alveoli is:
simple squamous
48
The dorsal border of the thoracic cavity is/are the:
vertebrae
49
Asthma is a result of:
- excess mucus production
- mucosal swelling
- bronchoconstriction
50
The amount of air moved during a single normal breath (at rest) is:
tidal volume
51
What structure of the respiratory tract acts like a "trapdoor" to cover the glottis so swallowed material doesn't go into the larynx?
epiglottis
52
The main function of the respiratory system is to bring ___ into the body and eliminate ___ from the body.
O2 and Co2
53
A condition where ther is an abnormality of the C shaped tracheal rings causing signs such as coughing when excited in a chihuahua is:
Tracheal collapse
54
The thin sheet of muscle that divides the thoracic and abdominal cavities is the:
diaphragm
55
What structure lies between the lungs and contains structures such as the heart and esophogus?
mediastinum
56
The part of the respiratory tract that is commonly called the "voice box" is the:
larynx
57
The amount of air that remains in the lungs after expiration is the:
residual volume
58
A _____ is a slightly deeper than normal breath that may serve to expand lungs more than normal
sigh
59
What causes asthma in animals?
exposure to allergic irritants in the air
60
The more CO2 in the blood, the more ___ the blood will be
acidic
61
If the CO2 of the blood increases, the respiratory system will:
increase the respiratory rate
62
During physical activity, what happens to the bronchi to allow more air to be moved back and forth with each breath?
bronchodilation
63
Nasal passages are lined with:
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
64
The nasal septum seperates the:
right and left nasal passageways
65
The cilia of the nasal passages project into a layer of:
mucus
66
The ____ is a well defined area where blood, air, lymph and nerves end here
hilus
67
Laryngeal hemiplegia is a result of:
laryngeal nerve degeneration
68
Lung tissue from a stillborn animal:
sinks because of no air in alveoli
69
Inspiration is normally facilitated by:
contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals
70
The common passageway for both the respiratory and digestive system is the:
pharynx
71
Compared to the blood in the pulmonary capillaries, air just breathed into the alveoli has a high concentration of ____ and a low concentration of \_\_\_\_
O2, CO2
72
What is the normal pH for blood?
7.4
73
Each nasal passageway has \_\_\_\_turbinates/conchae within it:
2
74
The nasopharynx and oropharynx are divide by which structure between them?
soft palate
75
The laryngeal caartilage is paried and attaches to the vocal cord:
arytenoid
76
True or False:
Sinuses are lined with the same epithelium as the nasal passageways
True
77
True or False:
Superficial blood vessels in the nasal passageways and trachea act to cool down the air that is breathed in the respiratory tract
False
78
True or False:
Epistaxis is the medical term for congested nose
False
79
True or False:
Olfactory cells have hair like processes in a mucous layer that recieve odor molecules
True
80
True or False:
The soft palate is caudal to the hard palate
True
81
True or False:
Sinuses are normally filled with fluid
False
82
True or False:
During the act of swallowing, breathing stops briefly while food moves into the esophogus
True
83
True or False:
Tightening of the vocal cords produces a high pitched sound
True
84
True or False:
The glottis must be closed to produce a cough
True
85
True or False:
Endotracheal intubation is done blindly in a horse
True
86
True or False:
An endotracheal tube can help prevent aspiration pneumonia in an anesthetized animal
True
87
True or False:
Laryngeal hemiplegia can be treated by removing the lateral ventricle
True
88
True or False:
The trachea's smooth muscle is located on it's dorsal surface
True
89
True or False:
Cilia that line the trachea move debris further down into the lungs
False
90
True or False:
A group of alveoli are called alveolar sacs
True
91
True or False:
The lungs have a concave lateral surface
False
92
True or False:
The pleural space normally contains a large amount of fluid
True
93
True or False:
Pressure in the thorax is negative with respect to atmospheric pressure
True
94
True or False:
One treatment for pneumothorax is placement of a chest tube
True
95
True or False:
Dalton's law states that the total pressure of a mixture of gasses is the sum of the pressure of each individual gas
True
96
What is the scientific term for lack of urine production?
anuria
97
Most domestic animals have kidneys shaped like
bean
98
What structure brings urine from the kidney to the bladder?
ureter
99
What structure is the main filtration mechanism where filtration occurs in the kidney?
glomerulus
100
The vessel that carries blood to the nephron is the
afferent arteriole
101
Increased urine production is termed
diuresis
102
What 2 hormones normally have the greatest influence on water regulation in the kidney?
Aldosterone and ADH
103
Which of the following is not a function of the kindeys?
carbon dioxide removal
104
What is the scientific name for lack of urine production?
anuria
105
Most domestic amimals have kidneys shaped like
bean
106
What structures brings urine from the kidney to the bladder?
ureter
107
The vessel that carries the blood to the nephron is:
afferent arteriole
108
What structure is the main filtration mechanisim (where filtration occurs) in the kidney?
glomerulus
109
Increased urine production is termed?
diuresis
110
Which 2 hormomes normally have the greatest influence on water regulation in the kidneys?
- Aldosterone
- ADH
111
What is the term for inflammation of the kidneys?
nephritis
112
What structure lies between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules?
Loop of Henle
113
What hormone is produced by the kidneys?
Erythropoietin
114
What structure brings urine from the bladder to the outside of the body?
urethra
115
Urine cant be expelled from the bladder without the relaxation of:
urethral sphincter
116
What is the medical term for urination?
micturation
117
Which species has a lobulated kidney?
cow
118
What is the hormone that regulates sodium reabsorption in the nephron?
Aldosterone
119
What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
120
What type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder?
transitional
121
The area of the kidney where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave is called the?
hilus
122
In the kidney, the primary site of action for the ADH is in the:
Collecting Ducts
123
Where is the renal corpuscle located?
cortex
124
The renal corpuscle is composed of the?
- glomerulus
- bowman's capsule
125
The urinary bladder is not responsible for:
urine filtration
126
The kidneys are surrounded by a layer of:
fat
127
What is the term for the location of the kidneys, within the abdomen:
retroperitoneal
128
These structures drain urine from the medullary pyramid to the renal pelvis:
calyx
129
What is not a structure of the nephron:
collecting ducts
130
What What locations has an epithelium with a brush border?
PCT
131
What structure of the nephron extends down into the renal medulla?
Loop of Henle
132
Oxygen exchange within the nephron occurs where?
Peritubuluar capillaries
133
Where in the nephron does the most reabsorption take place?
PCT
134
What substances hitch a ride with sodium?
- glucose
- amino acids
135
Water often follows ____ via osmosis
sodium
136
In the nephron, most secretion takes place where?
DCT
137
What is the muscle that lines the bladder wall?
detrusor
138
Urine flows down the ureters via:
peristalisis
139
What structure is under voluntary control?
urethral sphincter
140
The muscular layer of the heart that makes up most of the heart's mass is the:
myocardium
141
The purpose of fluid in the pericardial sac is to provide:
lubrication
142
Blood vessel that exits the LV to deliver oxygenated blood to the body
Aorta
143
The vena cava contains:
deoxygentated blood returning to the heart
144
A ____ is a recording of the electrical activity of the heart
electrocardiogram
145
What makes up the apex of the heart?
LV
146
What chamber recieves blood returning from the lungs?
LA
147
What is the layer of the heart that is in contact with blood?
endocardium
148
The pulmonary artery exits where?
RV
149
Where are the coronary arteries and veins located?
interventricular sulcus
150
Where do blood vessels enter and exit the heart?
Base
151
What is not an option for veinpuncture in dogs?
coccygeal vein
152
The SA node is located where
RA
153
What 2 valves make up the Atrioventricular valve?
- mitral
- tricuspid
154
The moderator band is where?
RV
155
What pressure is the pulmonary circulation under?
Low
156
What valves close during Ventricular Systole to prevent blood from flowing backwards?
AV
157
What causes the ventricles to contract?
Purkinje fibers
158
Diastole is characterized as:
relaxation of ventricles as they fill with blood
159
What is the name of the hole between the 2 atria that closes at birth?
foramenovale
160
What artery carries deoxygenated blood?
pulmonary
161
What vessel carries carbon dioxide rich blood?
Vena Cava
162
Chordaetendinae are present on what valve?
mitral
163
The mitral valve is the:
Left AV valve
164
What epithelium lines capillaries?
simple squamous
165
What chamber pumps blood through the aorta?
LV
166
What is the part of the cardiac cycle that the ventricles are contracting?
systole
167
What causes "lub"?
closing of AV valves
168
What is cardiac output?
product of stroke volume and heart rate
169
Where do oxygen and carbon dioxide leave the circulatory system?
capillaries
170
Where besides valves are chordaetendinae attached?
papillary muscles
171
What is the QRS complex on an ECG?
depolarization of Ventricles
172
What valve seperates the RA and RV?
tricuspid valve
173
In what position is the Aortic valve during ventricular systole?
open
174
What vessels supply blood to the muscle of the heart wall?
coronary arteries
175
What valves can be heard on the left side of the thorax?
- pulmonic
- aortic
- mitral
176
What is the pacemaker of the heart?
SA node
177
What wave on an ECG is associated with atrial depolarization?
P wave
178
What vessels contain valves?
veins
179
What valve controls the blood flow out of the RV?
pulmonary
180
What vessel shunts the blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta in the fetus?
ductusarteriosus
181
Where is the bundle of HIS located?
interventricular septum
182
Where does the RA recieve blood from?
vena cava
183
What vessel brings fresh, oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus?
umbilical vein
184
What is the ideal site for venipuncture in the cow?
caudal vein
185
Where does the aorta terminate caudally?
- inernalilliacs
- external illiacs
- coccygeal artery
186
What vein allows blood from the head to return to the heart?
jugular
187
What structure is not found in the mediatium?
lungs
188
What attaches the heart to the diaghram?
fibrous pericardium layer
189
How many leaflets make up the aortic and pulmonic valves?
3
190
During atrial systole, the AV valves are:
open
191
In pulmonary circulation, \_\_\_exits the capillaries and \_\_\_\_enters the capillaries?
- CO2
- O2
192
What hormone causes uterine contractions?
oxytocin
193
What hormone is produced by the corpus luteum?
progesterone
194
What structure produces LH?
Anterior Pituitary
195
What gland secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones?
hypothalamus
196
What is the major male sex hormone?
testosterone
197
The adrenal glands produce:
glucocorticoids
198
The pancreas produces :
insulin
199
What gland regulates most of the endocrine system?
pituitary
200
What hormones are produced by the thyroid glands?
- thyroxine
- calcitonin
201
What hormone stimulates milk let-down?
oxytocin
202
Where is the thyroid gland located?
adjacent to the trachea
203
Hypoadrenocorticism is commonly referred to as:
Addison's disease
204
The adrenal medualla secretes:
epinephrine
205
What substance is required for producing thyroid homrone:
iodine
206
What anterior pituitary hormone promotes follicular development?
FSH
207
The hormone that regulates sodium reabsorption:
aldosterone
208
What 2 organs have receptors to and thus are responsive to oxytocin?
- uterus
- mammary gland
209
What is the function of erythropoietin?
stimulates red blood cell production
210
Hormone released to prevent hypocalcemia
parthyroid hormone
211
Hormone responsible for preventing hypercalcemia
calcitonin
212
What is released by the posterior pituitary?
oxytocin
213
What hormone is produced by the kidney?
erythropoitein
214
What is responsible for producing melatonin?
pineal body
215
What hormone is responsible for maintaining pregnancy?
progesterone
216
What reaction is the result of parasympathetic nervous system stimulation?
norepinephrine
217
ACTH stimulates the release of :
cortisol
218
The thyroid gland stores thyroid hormone in the:
colloid
219
Where are the adrenal glands located?
near kidneys
220
What hormone is produced by the alpha cells in the pancrease?
glucagon
221
The muscular sphincter located between the stomach and duodenum :
pylorus
222
What lowers blood glucose?
insulin
223
What is the dental formula for an adult cat?
I3/3, C1/1, P3/2, M1/1
224
How many teeth does an adult dog have?
42
225
What animal doesn't have a gall bladder?
horse
226
What enzyme breaks down carbs in digestive tract?
amlyase
227
What enzyme breaks down fats in the digestive system?
lipase
228
Sections of small intestine in order
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
229
Where in the ruminant does the most microbial fermentation take place?
rumen
230
Where does hardware disease happen?
reticulum
231
most rostral teeth
incisors
232
What is the true stomach of the ruminant?
abomasum
233
The crown of the tooth is covered with?
enamel
234
What is the outer most layer of the digestive tube?
serosa
235
What surface of the tooth is on the lateral/outer aspect of the premolars and molars?
buccal
236
