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Anatomy And Physiology > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the:

A

spinal cord

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2
Q

Nerve fibers encased in a white sheath of fatty material are termed:

A

myelinated

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3
Q

Branch like structres that conduct impulses toward the nerve cell body are called:

A

dendrites

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4
Q

There are ____ pairs of cranial nerves

A

12

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5
Q

Grey matter is composed of:

A

Myelinated Axons

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6
Q

Cerebral spinal fluid is found in the subarachnoid space and the:

A

central canal of spinal cord

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7
Q

Which substance is a catecholamine?

A

norepineprine

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8
Q

Which enzyme inactivates acetylcholine?

A

acetylcholinesterase

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9
Q

Nerve fibers that carry information toward the spinal cord/brain are termed

A

afferent

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10
Q

The junction between 2 neurons or a neuron and a target cell is a:

A

synapse

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11
Q

The term “white matter” indicates the presence of :

A

myelinated axons

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12
Q

Which cranial nerve conducts motor impulses to the tounge?

A

hypoglossal

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13
Q

Soma is another name for:

A

nerve cell body

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14
Q

Parasympathetic nerves emerge from this area of the spinal cord:

A

cranial-sacral

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15
Q

Efferent neurons are also:

A

motor

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16
Q

The neurotransmitter that is most responsible for the “fight or flight” reaction is:

A

norepinephrine

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17
Q

What happens within the neuron that allows local anesthetic to be effective?

A

sodium channels are blocked

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18
Q

Functions that an animal does not conciously control, such as peristalisis, are influenced by the:

A

autonomic nervous system

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19
Q

Gaps in the myelin sheath between adjacent glial cells are known as:

A

nodes of ranvier

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20
Q

_____= when neuron is not being stimulated and has a negative charge

A

resting state

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21
Q

The action of the sodium/potassium pump is to pump ___ ions out of the cell and ____ions into the cell

A

3Na+, 2 K+

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22
Q

Sodium and potassium move through their gated channels in the cell membrane during an action potential. This movement is due to:

A

concentration and electrical gradient

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23
Q

” A neuron depolarizes to it’s maximum strength, or it doesnt depolarize at all”. This statement describes the:

A

all or nothing principle

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24
Q

Adrenergic neurons release ____ as their neurotransmitter

A

norepinephrine

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25
Q

B1 adrenergic receptors are found in this location:

A

heart

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26
Q

_____ reflexes start on one side of the body and travels to the opposite side

A

contralateral

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27
Q

True or False:

Oligodendrocytes can be found in the peripheral nervous system

A

False

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28
Q

True or False:

Unmyelinated axons conduct impulses slower than myelinated ones

A

False

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29
Q

True or False:

Cranial nerves originate directly from the brain

A

True

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30
Q

True or False:

The somatic nervous system is under concious, voluntary control

A

False

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31
Q

True or False:

The resting membrane potential inside the cell is -70mv

A

True

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32
Q

True or False:

At a synapse, the postsynaptic neuron releases the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

A

True

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33
Q

True or False:

Postsynaptic neuron receptors are universal and not specifically designed for a certain neurotransmitter

A

True

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34
Q

True or False:

Inhibitory neurotransmitters work by opening K+ or Cl- channels on postsynaptic neurons

A

False

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35
Q

True or False:

Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine can both be excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

False

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36
Q

True or False:

In the brain, the gray matter is located outside the white matter

A

False

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37
Q

True or False:

The Dura Mater is the tough, fibrous outer most layer of the meninges

A

False

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38
Q

True or False:

The blood brain barrier serves to prevent drugs from passing through the capillaries into the brain

A

True

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39
Q

True or False:

The optic, oculomotor, trochlear and abducent nerves innervate the eye

A

False

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40
Q

True or False:

The dorsal nerve root contains motor fiber endings entering the spinal cord

A

True

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41
Q

True or False:

The sympathetic nervous system is know to have short preganglionic neurons

A

True

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42
Q

True or False:

The stretch reflex (knee tap) is a monosynaptic, ipislateral reflex

A

True

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43
Q

True or False:

The withdrawal reflex involves several segments of the spinal cord due to multiple muscles that are flexed

A

True

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44
Q

True or False:

After birth, neurons lose their ability to regenerate

A

False

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45
Q

The ___ pleura covers the surface of the lungs

A

visceral

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46
Q

The transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood in the alveoli is accomplished by:

A

simple diffusion

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47
Q

The epithelium lining the alveoli is:

A

simple squamous

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48
Q

The dorsal border of the thoracic cavity is/are the:

A

vertebrae

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49
Q

Asthma is a result of:

A
  • excess mucus production
  • mucosal swelling
  • bronchoconstriction
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50
Q

The amount of air moved during a single normal breath (at rest) is:

A

tidal volume

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51
Q

What structure of the respiratory tract acts like a “trapdoor” to cover the glottis so swallowed material doesn’t go into the larynx?

A

epiglottis

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52
Q

The main function of the respiratory system is to bring ___ into the body and eliminate ___ from the body.

A

O2 and Co2

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53
Q

A condition where ther is an abnormality of the C shaped tracheal rings causing signs such as coughing when excited in a chihuahua is:

A

Tracheal collapse

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54
Q

The thin sheet of muscle that divides the thoracic and abdominal cavities is the:

A

diaphragm

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55
Q

What structure lies between the lungs and contains structures such as the heart and esophogus?

A

mediastinum

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56
Q

The part of the respiratory tract that is commonly called the “voice box” is the:

A

larynx

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57
Q

The amount of air that remains in the lungs after expiration is the:

A

residual volume

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58
Q

A _____ is a slightly deeper than normal breath that may serve to expand lungs more than normal

A

sigh

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59
Q

What causes asthma in animals?

A

exposure to allergic irritants in the air

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60
Q

The more CO2 in the blood, the more ___ the blood will be

A

acidic

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61
Q

If the CO2 of the blood increases, the respiratory system will:

A

increase the respiratory rate

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62
Q

During physical activity, what happens to the bronchi to allow more air to be moved back and forth with each breath?

A

bronchodilation

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63
Q

Nasal passages are lined with:

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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64
Q

The nasal septum seperates the:

A

right and left nasal passageways

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65
Q

The cilia of the nasal passages project into a layer of:

A

mucus

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66
Q

The ____ is a well defined area where blood, air, lymph and nerves end here

A

hilus

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67
Q

Laryngeal hemiplegia is a result of:

A

laryngeal nerve degeneration

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68
Q

Lung tissue from a stillborn animal:

A

sinks because of no air in alveoli

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69
Q

Inspiration is normally facilitated by:

A

contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals

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70
Q

The common passageway for both the respiratory and digestive system is the:

A

pharynx

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71
Q

Compared to the blood in the pulmonary capillaries, air just breathed into the alveoli has a high concentration of ____ and a low concentration of ____

A

O2, CO2

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72
Q

What is the normal pH for blood?

A

7.4

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73
Q

Each nasal passageway has ____turbinates/conchae within it:

A

2

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74
Q

The nasopharynx and oropharynx are divide by which structure between them?

A

soft palate

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75
Q

The laryngeal caartilage is paried and attaches to the vocal cord:

A

arytenoid

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76
Q

True or False:

Sinuses are lined with the same epithelium as the nasal passageways

A

True

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77
Q

True or False:

Superficial blood vessels in the nasal passageways and trachea act to cool down the air that is breathed in the respiratory tract

A

False

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78
Q

True or False:

Epistaxis is the medical term for congested nose

A

False

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79
Q

True or False:

Olfactory cells have hair like processes in a mucous layer that recieve odor molecules

A

True

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80
Q

True or False:

The soft palate is caudal to the hard palate

A

True

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81
Q

True or False:

Sinuses are normally filled with fluid

A

False

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82
Q

True or False:

During the act of swallowing, breathing stops briefly while food moves into the esophogus

A

True

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83
Q

True or False:

Tightening of the vocal cords produces a high pitched sound

A

True

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84
Q

True or False:

The glottis must be closed to produce a cough

A

True

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85
Q

True or False:

Endotracheal intubation is done blindly in a horse

A

True

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86
Q

True or False:

An endotracheal tube can help prevent aspiration pneumonia in an anesthetized animal

A

True

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87
Q

True or False:

Laryngeal hemiplegia can be treated by removing the lateral ventricle

A

True

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88
Q

True or False:

The trachea’s smooth muscle is located on it’s dorsal surface

A

True

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89
Q

True or False:

Cilia that line the trachea move debris further down into the lungs

A

False

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90
Q

True or False:

A group of alveoli are called alveolar sacs

A

True

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91
Q

True or False:

The lungs have a concave lateral surface

A

False

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92
Q

True or False:

The pleural space normally contains a large amount of fluid

A

True

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93
Q

True or False:

Pressure in the thorax is negative with respect to atmospheric pressure

A

True

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94
Q

True or False:

One treatment for pneumothorax is placement of a chest tube

A

True

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95
Q

True or False:

Dalton’s law states that the total pressure of a mixture of gasses is the sum of the pressure of each individual gas

A

True

96
Q

What is the scientific term for lack of urine production?

A

anuria

97
Q

Most domestic animals have kidneys shaped like

A

bean

98
Q

What structure brings urine from the kidney to the bladder?

A

ureter

99
Q

What structure is the main filtration mechanism where filtration occurs in the kidney?

A

glomerulus

100
Q

The vessel that carries blood to the nephron is the

A

afferent arteriole

101
Q

Increased urine production is termed

A

diuresis

102
Q

What 2 hormones normally have the greatest influence on water regulation in the kidney?

A

Aldosterone and ADH

103
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the kindeys?

A

carbon dioxide removal

104
Q

What is the scientific name for lack of urine production?

A

anuria

105
Q

Most domestic amimals have kidneys shaped like

A

bean

106
Q

What structures brings urine from the kidney to the bladder?

A

ureter

107
Q

The vessel that carries the blood to the nephron is:

A

afferent arteriole

108
Q

What structure is the main filtration mechanisim (where filtration occurs) in the kidney?

A

glomerulus

109
Q

Increased urine production is termed?

A

diuresis

110
Q

Which 2 hormomes normally have the greatest influence on water regulation in the kidneys?

A
  • Aldosterone
  • ADH
111
Q

What is the term for inflammation of the kidneys?

A

nephritis

112
Q

What structure lies between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules?

A

Loop of Henle

113
Q

What hormone is produced by the kidneys?

A

Erythropoietin

114
Q

What structure brings urine from the bladder to the outside of the body?

A

urethra

115
Q

Urine cant be expelled from the bladder without the relaxation of:

A

urethral sphincter

116
Q

What is the medical term for urination?

A

micturation

117
Q

Which species has a lobulated kidney?

A

cow

118
Q

What is the hormone that regulates sodium reabsorption in the nephron?

A

Aldosterone

119
Q

What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

120
Q

What type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder?

A

transitional

121
Q

The area of the kidney where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave is called the?

A

hilus

122
Q

In the kidney, the primary site of action for the ADH is in the:

A

Collecting Ducts

123
Q

Where is the renal corpuscle located?

A

cortex

124
Q

The renal corpuscle is composed of the?

A
  • glomerulus
  • bowman’s capsule
125
Q

The urinary bladder is not responsible for:

A

urine filtration

126
Q

The kidneys are surrounded by a layer of:

A

fat

127
Q

What is the term for the location of the kidneys, within the abdomen:

A

retroperitoneal

128
Q

These structures drain urine from the medullary pyramid to the renal pelvis:

A

calyx

129
Q

What is not a structure of the nephron:

A

collecting ducts

130
Q

What What locations has an epithelium with a brush border?

A

PCT

131
Q

What structure of the nephron extends down into the renal medulla?

A

Loop of Henle

132
Q

Oxygen exchange within the nephron occurs where?

A

Peritubuluar capillaries

133
Q

Where in the nephron does the most reabsorption take place?

A

PCT

134
Q

What substances hitch a ride with sodium?

A
  • glucose
  • amino acids
135
Q

Water often follows ____ via osmosis

A

sodium

136
Q

In the nephron, most secretion takes place where?

A

DCT

137
Q

What is the muscle that lines the bladder wall?

A

detrusor

138
Q

Urine flows down the ureters via:

A

peristalisis

139
Q

What structure is under voluntary control?

A

urethral sphincter

140
Q

The muscular layer of the heart that makes up most of the heart’s mass is the:

A

myocardium

141
Q

The purpose of fluid in the pericardial sac is to provide:

A

lubrication

142
Q

Blood vessel that exits the LV to deliver oxygenated blood to the body

A

Aorta

143
Q

The vena cava contains:

A

deoxygentated blood returning to the heart

144
Q

A ____ is a recording of the electrical activity of the heart

A

electrocardiogram

145
Q

What makes up the apex of the heart?

A

LV

146
Q

What chamber recieves blood returning from the lungs?

A

LA

147
Q

What is the layer of the heart that is in contact with blood?

A

endocardium

148
Q

The pulmonary artery exits where?

A

RV

149
Q

Where are the coronary arteries and veins located?

A

interventricular sulcus

150
Q

Where do blood vessels enter and exit the heart?

A

Base

151
Q

What is not an option for veinpuncture in dogs?

A

coccygeal vein

152
Q

The SA node is located where

A

RA

153
Q

What 2 valves make up the Atrioventricular valve?

A
  • mitral
  • tricuspid
154
Q

The moderator band is where?

A

RV

155
Q

What pressure is the pulmonary circulation under?

A

Low

156
Q

What valves close during Ventricular Systole to prevent blood from flowing backwards?

A

AV

157
Q

What causes the ventricles to contract?

A

Purkinje fibers

158
Q

Diastole is characterized as:

A

relaxation of ventricles as they fill with blood

159
Q

What is the name of the hole between the 2 atria that closes at birth?

A

foramenovale

160
Q

What artery carries deoxygenated blood?

A

pulmonary

161
Q

What vessel carries carbon dioxide rich blood?

A

Vena Cava

162
Q

Chordaetendinae are present on what valve?

A

mitral

163
Q

The mitral valve is the:

A

Left AV valve

164
Q

What epithelium lines capillaries?

A

simple squamous

165
Q

What chamber pumps blood through the aorta?

A

LV

166
Q

What is the part of the cardiac cycle that the ventricles are contracting?

A

systole

167
Q

What causes “lub”?

A

closing of AV valves

168
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

product of stroke volume and heart rate

169
Q

Where do oxygen and carbon dioxide leave the circulatory system?

A

capillaries

170
Q

Where besides valves are chordaetendinae attached?

A

papillary muscles

171
Q

What is the QRS complex on an ECG?

A

depolarization of Ventricles

172
Q

What valve seperates the RA and RV?

A

tricuspid valve

173
Q

In what position is the Aortic valve during ventricular systole?

A

open

174
Q

What vessels supply blood to the muscle of the heart wall?

A

coronary arteries

175
Q

What valves can be heard on the left side of the thorax?

A
  • pulmonic
  • aortic
  • mitral
176
Q

What is the pacemaker of the heart?

A

SA node

177
Q

What wave on an ECG is associated with atrial depolarization?

A

P wave

178
Q

What vessels contain valves?

A

veins

179
Q

What valve controls the blood flow out of the RV?

A

pulmonary

180
Q

What vessel shunts the blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta in the fetus?

A

ductusarteriosus

181
Q

Where is the bundle of HIS located?

A

interventricular septum

182
Q

Where does the RA recieve blood from?

A

vena cava

183
Q

What vessel brings fresh, oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus?

A

umbilical vein

184
Q

What is the ideal site for venipuncture in the cow?

A

caudal vein

185
Q

Where does the aorta terminate caudally?

A
  • inernalilliacs
  • external illiacs
  • coccygeal artery
186
Q

What vein allows blood from the head to return to the heart?

A

jugular

187
Q

What structure is not found in the mediatium?

A

lungs

188
Q

What attaches the heart to the diaghram?

A

fibrous pericardium layer

189
Q

How many leaflets make up the aortic and pulmonic valves?

A

3

190
Q

During atrial systole, the AV valves are:

A

open

191
Q

In pulmonary circulation, ___exits the capillaries and ____enters the capillaries?

A
  • CO2
  • O2
192
Q

What hormone causes uterine contractions?

A

oxytocin

193
Q

What hormone is produced by the corpus luteum?

A

progesterone

194
Q

What structure produces LH?

A

Anterior Pituitary

195
Q

What gland secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones?

A

hypothalamus

196
Q

What is the major male sex hormone?

A

testosterone

197
Q

The adrenal glands produce:

A

glucocorticoids

198
Q

The pancreas produces :

A

insulin

199
Q

What gland regulates most of the endocrine system?

A

pituitary

200
Q

What hormones are produced by the thyroid glands?

A
  • thyroxine
  • calcitonin
201
Q

What hormone stimulates milk let-down?

A

oxytocin

202
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

adjacent to the trachea

203
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism is commonly referred to as:

A

Addison’s disease

204
Q

The adrenal medualla secretes:

A

epinephrine

205
Q

What substance is required for producing thyroid homrone:

A

iodine

206
Q

What anterior pituitary hormone promotes follicular development?

A

FSH

207
Q

The hormone that regulates sodium reabsorption:

A

aldosterone

208
Q

What 2 organs have receptors to and thus are responsive to oxytocin?

A
  • uterus
  • mammary gland
209
Q

What is the function of erythropoietin?

A

stimulates red blood cell production

210
Q

Hormone released to prevent hypocalcemia

A

parthyroid hormone

211
Q

Hormone responsible for preventing hypercalcemia

A

calcitonin

212
Q

What is released by the posterior pituitary?

A

oxytocin

213
Q

What hormone is produced by the kidney?

A

erythropoitein

214
Q

What is responsible for producing melatonin?

A

pineal body

215
Q

What hormone is responsible for maintaining pregnancy?

A

progesterone

216
Q

What reaction is the result of parasympathetic nervous system stimulation?

A

norepinephrine

217
Q

ACTH stimulates the release of :

A

cortisol

218
Q

The thyroid gland stores thyroid hormone in the:

A

colloid

219
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

near kidneys

220
Q

What hormone is produced by the alpha cells in the pancrease?

A

glucagon

221
Q

The muscular sphincter located between the stomach and duodenum :

A

pylorus

222
Q

What lowers blood glucose?

A

insulin

223
Q

What is the dental formula for an adult cat?

A

I3/3, C1/1, P3/2, M1/1

224
Q

How many teeth does an adult dog have?

A

42

225
Q

What animal doesn’t have a gall bladder?

A

horse

226
Q

What enzyme breaks down carbs in digestive tract?

A

amlyase

227
Q

What enzyme breaks down fats in the digestive system?

A

lipase

228
Q

Sections of small intestine in order

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

229
Q

Where in the ruminant does the most microbial fermentation take place?

A

rumen

230
Q

Where does hardware disease happen?

A

reticulum

231
Q

most rostral teeth

A

incisors

232
Q

What is the true stomach of the ruminant?

A

abomasum

233
Q

The crown of the tooth is covered with?

A

enamel

234
Q

What is the outer most layer of the digestive tube?

A

serosa

235
Q

What surface of the tooth is on the lateral/outer aspect of the premolars and molars?

A

buccal

236
Q
A

Anatomy And Physiology (6 decks)

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