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Ruben's Nursing 50B > Urine Elimination > Flashcards

Urine Elimination Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

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2
Q

What are the 6 parts of the nephron?

A
  1. glomerulus
  2. Bowman’s capsule
  3. proximal convoluted tubule
  4. loop of Henle
  5. distal tubule
  6. collecting duct
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3
Q

Where is the initial site of filtration of the blood and the beginning of urine formation?

A

glomerulus

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4
Q

What is the term for large proteins in the urine? What does this indicate?

A

proteinuria; sign of glomerular injury

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5
Q

What is the normal adult average output?

A

1200-1500mL/day

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6
Q

How do the kidneys maintain a normal RBC volume?

A

produce erythropoietin

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7
Q

Why are patients with chronic kidney disease prone to anemia?

A

They cannot produce sufficient quantities of erythropoietin

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8
Q

Which hormone is released from juxtaglomerular cells in times of renal ischemia?

A

Renin

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9
Q

What is the function of the hormone renin?

A

Converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

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10
Q

Where is angiotensin I converted into angiotensin II?

A

Lungs

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11
Q

What is the function of angiotensin II?

A

causes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex

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12
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

causes water retention in order to increase blood volume

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13
Q

What is the term for the pain caused by the strong peristaltic waves produced by the ureters in order to move an obstruction such as a kidney stone?

A

renal colic

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14
Q

What is the name of the primary bladder muscle?

A

detrusor muscle

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15
Q

What is the name of the part of urethra through which the urine passes out of the body?

A

urethral meatus

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16
Q

What are the three sections of the male urethra?

A
  1. prostatic
  2. membranous
  3. penile
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17
Q

Which brain structures influence bladder function?(4)

A
  1. cerebral cortex
  2. thalamus
  3. hypothalamus
  4. brainstem
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18
Q

What is the average bladder capacity?

A

600-1000mL

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19
Q

How often does an adult normally void?

A

2-4 hours

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20
Q

At what age do children have enough neurological development to be toilet trained?

A

24-36 months

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21
Q

What urinary problem can occur with damage to the spinal cord above the sacral region.

A

reflex incontinence

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of reflex incontinence?

A

Causes loss of voluntary control of urination, but the micturation reflex pathway remains intact which allows urination to occur without the sensation of the need to void.

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23
Q

What urinary problem can occur when a bladder is overly full and bladder pressure exceeds sphincter pressure?

A

overflow incontinence

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24
Q

What can occur if a chronic obstruction caused by neurological damage hinders bladder emptying?

A

Over time the micturation reflex changes, causing bladder overactivity and possibly causing the bladder not to empty completely.

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25
Q

What are the three categories of conditions that affect urine volume and quality?

A
  1. prerenal (bloodflow to and through the kidney)
  2. renal (disease of renal tissue)
  3. postrenal (obstruction in lower urinary tract)
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26
Q

What is the condition characterized by an increase in nitrogenous wastes in the blood, marked fluid and electrolyte abnormalities, nausea, vomiting, headache, coma, and convulsions?

A

uremic syndrome

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27
Q

List 3 major indicators for dialysis:

A
  1. Renal failure
  2. Worsening of uremic syndrome with ESRD
  3. Severe electrolyte and/or fluid abnormalities
28
Q

What is the condition characterized by awaking to void one or more times at night?

A

nocturia

29
Q

What is the condition characterized by an excessive output of urine?

A

polyuria

30
Q

What is the condition characterized by decreased urine output despite normal intake?

A

oliguria

31
Q

What is the condition characterized by a lack of urine output?

A

anuria

32
Q

How does stress affect fluid balance?

A
  • increased ADH increases fluid retention

- increased aldosterone increases Na and H20 retention

33
Q

How do anesthetics and narcotic analgesics affect fluid balance?

A
  • slows GFR which reduces urine output

- impair sensory and motor impulses traveling among the bladder, spinal cord, and brain.

34
Q

What is the term for the surgical diversion of the drainage of urine?

A

urinary diversion (ie ureterostomy)

35
Q

What is the term for the artificially created opening between a body cavity and the surface of the body?

A

stoma

36
Q

Urinary retention occurs as a result of which conditions? (5)

A
  • urethral obstruction
  • surgical or childbirth trauma
  • alterations tin motor/sensory innervation
  • removal of indwelling catheter
  • medication side effects
37
Q

What must be done if a patient cannot void or completely empty the bladder? Why?

A

Patient must be catheterized. UTI, kidney stones and hyperreflexia can occur

38
Q

What is the term for the volume of urine remaining in the bladder after a normal voiding?

A

residual volume aka postvoid residual (PVR)

39
Q

How soon after voiding should PVR be assessed?

A

10-15 minutes

40
Q

What does the acronym CAUTIs stand for?

A

Catheter-associated UTIs

41
Q

What is the most common source of CAUTIs?

A
  • the patient’s own flora

- Escherichia coli

42
Q

What is the term for pain or burning during urination?

A

dysuria

43
Q

What is the term for an irritated bladder?

A

cystitis

44
Q

What is the term for blood-tinged urine?

A

hematuria

45
Q

What is the term for an infection that spreads to the upper urinary tract and into the kidneys?

A

pyelonephritis

46
Q

What is the term for the involuntary leakage of urine that is sufficient to be a problem?

A

urinary incontinence

47
Q

What is the condition that results from sudden, involuntary contraction of the muscles of the urinary bladder, resulting in an urge to urinate?

A

Overactive bladder (OAB)

48
Q

What are common abnormalities that cause OAB?

A
  • CVA
  • head injuries
  • spinal cord injury
  • diabetic neuropathy
  • UTI
  • anxiety
49
Q

What are the two types of urinary diversions?

A
  • continent urinary reservoir

- orthotopic neobladder

50
Q

How do cranberry juice and vitamin C decrease bacterial infections of the bladder?

A

they acidify the urine

51
Q

How does aging affect micturation in men?

A

prostate enlargement usually begins in the 40s and continues throughout the life

52
Q

How does aging affect micturation in women?

A

changes in the urethral mucosa associated with loss of estrogen during and after menopause contribute to increased susceptibility to UTIs

53
Q

Why does residual urine in the bladder increase the risk for a UTI?

A

residual urine becomes more alkaline and is an ideal site for microorganism growth

54
Q

What are the 3 common risks of an indwelling catheter?

A
  • infection
  • catheter blockage
  • skin care problems
55
Q

What should be used to measure urine output if precise hourly measurements are necessary?

A

urimeter

56
Q

An hourly output of less than _____________mL for more than _________ consecutive hours is cause for concern.

A

30mL

2

57
Q

How much daily volume is considered polyuria?

A

over 2000 to 2500 mL

58
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of urine that need to be inspected?

A
  • color
  • clarity
  • odor
59
Q

What is the normal color range for urine?

A

pale, straw color to amber

60
Q

When is urine usually more concentrated?

A

in the morning or with fluid volume deficits

61
Q

Bleeding from which 2 locations causes dark red urine?

A
  • kidneys

- ureters

62
Q

Bleeding from which 2 locations causes bright red urine?

A
  • bladder

- urethra

63
Q

What does cloudy or foamy urine from a patient with renal disease indicate?

A

high protein concentration

64
Q

What can thick and cloudy urine indicate?

A

bacteria and WBCs in urine

65
Q

List two tests that can be used to test urine concentration:

A
  1. specific gravity

Ruben's Nursing 50B (15 decks)

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