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Ruben's Nursing 50B > Bowel Elimination > Flashcards

Bowel Elimination Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does digestion begin? Where does it end?

A
  1. Mouth

2. Small Intestine

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2
Q

What are the three tasks that the stomach performs?

A
  1. storage
  2. mixing
  3. emptying
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3
Q

What are the 4 secretions of the stomach and what function do they perform?

A
  1. HCl (digestion)
  2. mucus (protection
  3. pepsin (digestion)
  4. intrinsic factor (absorption of Vit B12)
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4
Q

What are the three sections of the small intestine?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ilium
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5
Q

What is absorbed in the jejunum?

A

carbohydrates and proteins

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6
Q

What is absorbed in the ilium?

A

water, fats, some vitamins, iron and bile salts

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7
Q

What is absorbed in the duodenum?

A

most of the nutrients and electrolytes

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8
Q

What are the 3 parts of the large intestine?

A
  • cecum
  • colon
  • rectum
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9
Q

What are the 4 parts of the colon?

A
  • ascending
  • transverse
  • descending
  • sigmoid colon
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10
Q

What are the 3 functions of the colon?

A
  • absorption
  • secretion
  • elimination
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11
Q

What is absorbed in the large intestine?

A
  • water
  • sodium
  • chloride
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12
Q

What is the term for any forced expiratory effort against a closed airway such as when an individual holds his or her breath and tightens his or her muscles in a concerted, strenuous effort?

A

Valsalva maneuver

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13
Q

What is the term for temporary paralysis of intestinal wall that may occur after abdominal surgery or peritoneal injury that causes cessation of peristalsis?

A

paralytic ileus

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14
Q

How long does paralytic ileus usually last?

A

24-48 hrs

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15
Q

What condition does paralytic ileus lead to?

A

abdominal distention

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16
Q

What does the overuse of laxatives cause?

A

serious diarrhea

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17
Q

What are common signs and symptoms of GI upset?

A
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • indigestion
  • diarrhea
  • constipation
18
Q

What is the normal range for bilirubin?

A

0.3-1mg/dL

19
Q

What causes an increased bilirubin?

A
  • hepatobiliary disease
  • bile duct obstruction
  • certain anemias
  • following transfusions
20
Q

What is the normal range for Alkaline phosphotase?

A

30-120 units/L

21
Q

What causes an increased alkaline phosphotase?

A
  • obstructive hepatobiliary diseases
  • hepatobiliary carcinomas
  • bone tumors
  • healing fractures
22
Q

What is the normal range for amylase?

A

60-120 somogyi units

23
Q

What causes an increased amylase?

A
  • abnormalities of the pancreas
  • cholecystitis
  • necrotic bowel
  • diabetic ketoacidosis
24
Q

What action must the patient take before performing a fecal occult blood test?

A

patient must void first to avoid contamination of the specimen

25
Q

What does white or clay feces indicate?

A

absence of bile

26
Q

What does black or tarry feces indicate?

A
  • iron ingestion

- upper GI bleeding

27
Q

What does red feces indicate?

A
  • hemorrhoids

- lower GI bleeding

28
Q

What does pale, fatty feces indicate?

A

malabsorption of fat

29
Q

What does translucent mucus in feces indicate?

A
  • spastic constipation
  • colitis
  • excessive straining
30
Q

What does blood mucus in feces indicate?

A
  • blood in feces
  • inflammation
  • infection
31
Q

What is the term for the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sigmoid colon?

A

enema

32
Q

What is the primary reason for an enema?

A

to promote defecation by stimulating peristalsis

33
Q

What are the indications for the use of an enema?

A
  • temporary relief of constipation
  • removing impacted feces
  • emptying of bowel before diagnostic test/surgery
  • beginning a program of bowel training
34
Q

What are the 6 common types of enemas?

A
  • cleansing enemas
  • tap water (hypotonic)
  • normal saline
  • hypertonic (fleet)
  • soapsuds
  • oil retention
  • carminative (flatus)
  • medicated (kayexalate, neomycin solution)
35
Q

When is digital removal of stool indicated?

A

when all other methods have failed

36
Q

What are the 4 purposes of nasogastric intubation?

A
  • decompression
  • enteral feeding
  • compression
  • lavage
37
Q

Why does a patient with an ostomy wear a pouch?

A

to collect effluent (stool discharged from the stoma)

38
Q

What is the normal stoma color?

A

bright pink or brick red

39
Q

How can a patient keep their feces soft?

A
  • eating foods high in fiber

- increased fluid intake

40
Q

What are the dangers of digital removal of stool?

A
  • traumatizing the rectal mucosa

- promoting vagal stimulation (decreases HR)

Ruben's Nursing 50B (15 decks)

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