Range of Motion

Question 1

Neck, cervical spine: Identify type of joint and type of movement (5)

Answer 1

Pivotal

1) Flexion: Bring chin to rest on chest
2) Extension: Return head to erect position.
3) Hyperextension: Bend head back as far as possible
4) Lateral flexion: Tilt head as far as possible toward each shoulder.
5) Rotation: Turn head as far as possible in circular movement.

Question 2

Shoulder: Identify type of joint and type of movement (8)

Answer 2

Ball and Socket

1) Flexion: Raise arm from side position forward to position above head.
2) Extension: Return arm to position at side of body.
3) Hyperextension: Move arm behind body, keeping elbow straight.
4) Abduction: Raise arm to side to position above head with palm away from head.
5) Adduction: Lower arm sideways and across body as far as possible.
6) Internal rotation: With elbow flexed, rotate shoulder by moving arm until thumb is turned inward and toward back.
7) External rotation: With elbow in full circle, move arm until thumb is upward and lateral to head.
8) Circumduction: Move arm in full circle (circumduction is combination of all movements of ball-and-socket joint).

Question 3

Elbow: Identify type of joint and type of movement (2)

Answer 3

Hinge

1) Flexion: Bend elbow so that lower arm moves toward its shoulder joint and hand is level with shoulder.
2) Extension: Straighten elbow by lowering hand

Question 4

Forearm: Identify type of joint and type of movement (2)

Answer 4

Pivotal

1) Supination: Turn lower arm and hand so that palm is up
2) Pronation: Turn lower arm so that palm is down.

Question 5

Wrist: Identify type of joint and type of movement (5)

Answer 5

Condyloid

1) Flexion: Move palm toward inner aspect of forearm.
2) Extension: Move fingers and hand posterior to midline.
3) Hyperextension: Bring dorsal surface of hand back as far as possible.
4) Abduction (radial deviation): Bend wrist laterally toward fifth finger.
5) Adduction (ulnar deviation): Bend wrist medially toward thumb.

Question 6

Fingers: Identify type of joint and type of movement (5)

Answer 6

Condyloid hinge

1) Flexion: Make fist.
2) Extension: Straighten fingers.
3) Hyperextension: Bend fingers back as far as possible
4) Abduction: Spread fingers apart
5) Adduction: Bring fingers together.

Question 7

Thumb: Identify type of joint and type of movement (5)

Answer 7

Saddle

1) Flexion: Move thumb across palmar surface of hand.
2) Extension: Move thumb straight away from hand.
3) Abduction: Extend thumb laterally (usually done when placing fingers in abduction and adduction).
4) Adduction: Move thumb back toward hand.
5) Opposition: Touch thumb to each finger of same hand.

Question 8

Hip: Identify type of joint and type of movement (8)

Answer 8

Ball and Socket

1) Flexion: Move leg forward and up.
2) Extension: Move leg back, beside other leg.
3) Hyperextension: Move leg behind body
4) Abduction: Move leg laterally away from body.
5) Adduction: Move leg back toward medial position and beyond if possible.
6) Internal rotation: Turn foot and leg toward other leg.
7) External rotation: Turn foot and leg away from other leg.
8) Circumduction: Move leg in circle

Question 9

Knee: Identify type of joint and type of movement (2)

Answer 9

Hinge:

1) Flexion: Bring heel back toward back of thigh.
2) Extension: Return leg to floor.

Question 10

Ankle: Identify type of joint and type of movement (2)

Answer 10

Hinge

1) Dorsal flexion: Move foot so toes are pointed upward.
2) Plantar flexion: Move foot so toes are pointed downward.

Question 11

Foot: Identify type of joint and type of movement (2)

Answer 11

Gliding

1) Inversion: Turn sole of foot medially
2) Eversion: Turn sole of foot laterally.

Question 12

List the 11 body parts where joints occur

Answer 12

Neck/cervical spine
Shoulder
Elbow
Forearm
Wrist
Fingers
Thumb
Hip
Knee
Ankle
Foot